Hypnosis for Sleep Quality for Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment

All participants will be given guidance on the use of hypnosis and recordings for at-home practice throughout the study. Participants will be instructed in daily practice of hypnosis and asked to keep a daily at-home self-hypnosis practice form during the intervention period. Adherence will be assessed via calculation of participants' frequency of hypnosis practice from these daily hypnosis practice forms. The participant will be asked to practice daily and to complete a practice log, recording the frequency of practice of self-administered hypnosis. Practice logs will be used to assess frequency of practice.

In order to assess participants' perceptions of the value of the hypnosis program they receive, they will be asked "How do you rate this hypnosis program overall in regard to ease of use?" and "How do you rate this hypnosis program overall in regard to improving your sleep?" Responses will be given on a 10-point scale ranging from 1 (Poor) to 10 (Excellent) at follow-up.

Participants will be asked to rate their overall level of satisfaction with the intervention. A 10-point VAS scale anchored with 0 "Completely Dissatisfied" to 10 "Completely Satisfied" will be given at follow-up.

Wrist actigraphy is a widely used and well-validated measure of sleep duration. Participants will be asked to wear an actigraph (Actiwatch 2; Phillips Respironics, Andover, MA), resembling a wristwatch, on their non-dominant wrist. A motion detection device located within the actigraph records movement. After data is collected and stored within the actigraph it can be analyzed with the Philips Respironics 5 software program.

This program uses a series of logarithms to measure various factors associated with sleep quality, such as total sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, and the number of times participants woke during the night. Each of these factors will be combined to assess and report objective sleep duration in hours per day/night for participants. For the present study, participants will be asked to wear the actigraph for one week at baseline and for one week at follow-up.

Participants will be asked to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) during screening and at follow-up. The PSQI is a 19-item self-report inventory designed to measure sleep quality. The 19 items are grouped into 7 subscales: 1) sleep quality, 2) sleep efficiency, 3) daytime dysfunction, 4) sleep latency, 5) sleep disturbances, 6) sleep duration, and 7) use of sleep medication. These seven subscales are scored on a scale of 0-3 with higher scores indicating greater sleep pathology. Cronbach's alphas for the PSQI range from .70 to .80.

A daily sleep diary where participants record time awake and time to bed will be used. Participants will be asked to complete a daily sleep diary upon awakening each morning for a week at baseline, daily during the intervention weeks, and a week at follow-up.

Participants will be asked to complete the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) during baseline and at follow-up. The ESS is an 8-item self-report measure that asks participants to indicate how likely they are to fall asleep while engaging in eight different everyday activities (e.g., watching television, sitting in traffic). Items are scored on a scale from 0-3 with higher scores indicating a greater probability of falling asleep. Previous research indicates that the ESS has a Cronbach's alpha of .88

Participants will be asked to complete the Sleep Environment Questionnaire during baseline and at follow-up. The Sleep Environment Questionnaire is an 11- item self-report measure that asks about the environment in which a person sleeps. Response options include "True," "False," or "Not Applicable."

The 14-item Attitudes Toward Hypnosis Scale will be used to assess attitudes toward hypnosis at baseline and at follow-up. This scale has shown internal consistency in previous studies, Cronbach's alpha = .81. A total attitude toward hypnosis score will be calculated for each participant by summing scores across the 14 items with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward hypnosis.

Participants will be asked to complete the Insomnia Severity Index (ISS) at baseline and follow-up. The ISI consists of seven items that measure the severity of sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and early morning awakening problems, as well as the participant's satisfaction with her current sleep pattern, the extent to which lack of sleep interferes with daily functioning, how noticeable this impairment is to other people, and the extent to which the participant is worried or distressed about their lack of sleep. Items are scored on a scale from 0-4 with total score of 15 or higher indicating the presence of clinical insomnia24. Past research indicates that internal reliability estimates for the ISI range from .74 to .78.

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) will be used to measure stress at baseline and follow-up. The PSS includes 14 items that assess levels of perceived stress and to what degree individuals perceive events in their life as stressful during the previous month. Higher scores indicate greater stress. Past research indicates that Cronbach's alpha for the PSS is .85.

Cognition will be assessed at baseline and at follow-up using the PROMIS Cognitive Function - Short Form Scale. This scale includes 8 items and measures self-reported cognitive functioning during the past 7 days. Items are scored from a scale of 1 (Very Often) to 5 (Never). Items are summed to create a total score and higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning.

Participants will be asked to rate their pain on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) during baseline and follow-up. Participants will be asked to place an "x" along the 100-mm line to indicate the severity of their pain over the past week, with the lower end of the scale being anchored by the phrase "no pain" and the upper end of the scale being anchored by the phrase "the most intense pain possible."

Motivation to use hypnosis is an important factor to be assessed. Motivation to use hypnosis to improve sleep quality will be assessed at baseline using a numerical rating scale that states, "How motivated are you to use hypnosis to improve sleep?" This item will be rated on a scale of 1 (Not Motivated at All) to 10 (Very Motivated).

In order to gather qualitative data to improve future studies, participants will be asked to participate in a post-participation interview. An experienced and trained doctoral student will conduct interviews and create summary statements regarding topics including ease of use of the intervention, barriers of using the audio recordings, finding the time to practice, and improvement of the intervention. Interviews will be recorded, and transcripts will be typed out.