Human Milk Composition in Indian Mothers

The study is a 5-month prospective observational cohort study. Approximately 258 mother-infant pairs in 33-42 weeks of pregnancy will be recruited. Eligibility assessment will be done for the mother at enrolment and for the mother-infant pair at delivery. Based on the recorded anthropometric data and BMI (kg/m2) calculated based on the self-reported pre-pregnancy weight or earliest recorded body weight from their first trimester, mothers consenting to the study will be categorized as either well-nourished or malnourished. All study centers will recruit equal number of participants in each group at their respective sites. As per standard of care, mothers will continue to take the prenatal supplement primarily consisting of folic acid, elemental iron, calcium and will be encouraged to breast feed their infants during prenatal visits. Breastfeeding advice normally consists of messages on the benefits of breastfeeding, instructions on early initiation of breastfeeding and proper breastfeeding techniques, and recommendation on exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months. Mothers will be provided with a diary to make a note about their supplement intake and the frequency of breastfeeding. The entry of the details will be enquired telephonically (biweekly) and restated during the face follow-up sessions at study visits 3 and 4.

Inclusion criteria

• Mother is at 33 to 42 weeks of pregnancy, is between 20 and 35 years of age and is contactable by telephone
• Mother is non smoker and non alcoholic.
• Mother has BMI 35 kg per m2 based on self reported pre pregnant weight or the earliest measured weight during the first trimester from the hospital record.
• Mother confirms her intention to breast feed for 4 months.
• Infant is a singleton with a gestational age of greater than 37 to 42 weeks and is able to feed from the mother normally.
• Infants born between 33 to 37 weeks, by definition are preterm, but is not declared very low birth weight by the pediatrician, and is able to feed from the mother normally.
• Infant is judged to be in good health in the opinion of the investigator.
• Mother or Legally Acceptable Representative has voluntarily signed and dated an Informed Consent Form, approved by an Independent Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board (IEC/IRB) or other applicable privacy regulation authorization prior to any participation in the study.

Exclusion criteria

• An adverse maternal, fetal or infant medical history that is thought by the investigator to have potential effects on infant's growth and or development. This includes but is not limited to suspected maternal substance abuse such as alcohol or drug.
• Mother has known gestational diabetes and/or a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia.
• Mother with contraindications to breastfeeding such as known HIV or conditions that can significantly interfere with breastfeeding such as serious illness as per investigator's judgment.
• Mother had a breast surgery.
• Mother and or newborn infant has major illness that requires intensive care admission 24 hours.
• Infant is advised to be kept in NICU and unable to feed from the mother for more than a week or has a medical history that is thought by the investigator to have potential effects on infant's growth and or development.
• Infant has major congenital anomaly in the PI's opinion
• Participation in another study that has not been approved as a concomitant study by AN.