Human Brain Mapping of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) During Sleep and Wakefulness

OBJECTIVES:

The primary objectives are to assess if there is an increase in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the human brain during sleep when compared to the awake state and to determine if they vary across brain regions. Secondary outcomes are to assess inter subject variability in the differences in ADC between awake and sleep. We will also run exploratory analysis to determine if ADC changes with sleep are associated with subjective perception of rested sleep and to assess if there are differences in T1 in CSF between the scan taken prior to falling asleep and those taken shortly after waking up.

STUDY POPULATION:

Healthy adults. Males and females will be included.

DESIGN:

Observational study with a technical phase and two research phases.

• The technical phase (discontinued) will recruit controls in order to define best MR parameters and pulse sequence to be used for optimal ADC signal detection for which we request permission to recruit up to 20 healthy volunteers. Technical Developmental Phase: Each participant will have a set of MRI scans at the following two times of day: the 1st between 11:00 AM and 1:00 PM (noon) and the second between 6:00 PM and 8:00 PM (evening).
• Research Phase I (complete testing in 10 healthy controls to assess effects on wake/sleep states on whole brain ADC) and research Phase II (complete testing in a total of 30 subjects to assess if there are regional differences) and to address the main and secondary outcomes proposed above. Only if we show that ADC significantly changes during sleep compared to awake state will we proceed to phase II. For phases I and II, the participants will spend 3 night in the clinical center and will undergo two MRI scan sessions following two fo the night stays to quantify brain ADC; once while awake (following a night of sleep) and the other while asleep (following a night of sleep deprivation). Scans for both days will be performed in the morning (between 9-12 PM). Electrocardiogram (ECG) will be recorded during all MRI scanning procedures to monitor sleep. For the first of the three nights we will simultaneously record the electroencephalogram (EEG) and ECG on the participants while they sleep which will allow us to correlate the ECG to their EEG signal, which is the gold standard for measuring sleep.

OUTCOME PARAMETERS:

ADCs and ECG will be measured at each time point for each study participant (pertinent to research phase only).

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

All Participants

• Between 18 and 60 years of age as determined by self-report.
• Ability to provide written informed consent as determined by physical examination and verbal communication.

Exclusion criteria

All Participants

• Subjects with self-report of insomnia as determined by self-report and/or medical history;
• Subjects with any of the following: narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and/or abnormal sleeping patterns (including but not limited to those who use a C-PAP machine, sleeping during the day, using medication to fall asleep, sleeps less than 6 hours per night, night shift workers), subjects reporting snoring as determined by self-report using STOP-BANG questionnaire for undiagnosed OSA (3 or more yes answers will exclude) and/or medical history;
• Subjects with a history of restless leg syndrome as determined by self-report and/or medical history;
• Use, in the past two weeks, of psychoactive medications (four weeks for fluoxetine) or medications that may affect brain function (including but not limited to opioid analgesics, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [SNRIs], benzodiazepines and barbiturates) as determined by self-report and/or medical history;
• Current or past DSM-IV or DSM 5 diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder as determined by history and clinical exam including substance use disorder (except for nicotine/caffeine), alcoholism and alcohol dependence. Past history of a mental disorder as defined by DSM IV or DSM 5 will be excluded only if it required hospitalization (any length), or chronic medication management (more than 4 weeks), and that could impact brain function at the time of the study.
• Major medical problems that can impact brain function at the time of the scan (e.g., problems of the CNS including seizures and psychosis; cardiovascular disease including hypertension and arrhythmias; metabolic, autoimmune, endocrine disorders) as determined by self-report, medical history and/or clinical exam.
• Head trauma with loss of consciousness for more than 30 minutes as determined by self-report and/or medical history;
• Positive test for controlled substances (cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamines, opioids, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and barbiturates) on any day of study including upon check-in to NIH CC as determined by urine toxicology;
• Pregnant: Females must have negative urine pregnancy test
• Presence of ferromagnetic objects in the body that are contraindicated for MRI of the head (including but not limited to pacemakers or other implanted electrical devices, brain stimulators, some types of dental implants, aneurysm clips, metallic prostheses, permanent eyeliner, implanted delivery pump, or shrapnel fragments) or fear of enclosed spaces as determined by the self-report checklist.
• Fear of enclosed spaces (claustrophobia) as determined by self-report and medical history.
• Cannot lie comfortably flat on the back for up to 3 hours in the MRI scanner as determined by self-report.
• Body weight greater than 250 kg. This is the upper limit that the bed of the MR scanner can accommodate (clinical exam).
• Alcohol consumption on the day of the MRI as determined by breath alcohol test
• Study investigators and staff, as well as their superiors, subordinates and immediate family members (adult children, spouses, parents, siblings).