Human Albumin for Clinical Outcome in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhages

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a fatal neurosurgical emergency that may reach to a mortality of up to nearly 60% within one month of symptoms onset in untreated cases. Accounting for almost 5% of all stroke cases, aSAH predominantly affects the working age population with significant socioeconomic effect due to its impact on their quality of healthy life. Despite refined contemporary neurosurgical techniques and advancements in neurocritical care, secondary/delayed ischemia neurological deficits due to cerebral vasospasm, have been implicated as the main contributing factor, related to poor clinical outcome in nearly 30% of the patients. Although, over the years, many different treatment modalities have been used to counter the detrimental effects of vasospasm including calcium channel blockers and triple-H therapy (hypervolemic, hemodilution, hypertension) with no substantiative improvement in clinical outcome and a search for an effective management strategy continues.

In aSAH, hyponatremia due to increased release of natriuretic factors and reduction in intravascular volume have been attributed to cause clinical vasospasm and delayed ischemic neurological deficits as a part of natural course of the disease. Reduced cerebral blood flow during aSAH has been explained based on two etiological factors. Firstly, immediately with the clinical onset of aSAH, there is a generalized decrease in brain oxidative metabolism that contributes to drop in global cerebral blood flow (CBF). This disruption in brain metabolic harmony is primarily caused by presence of toxic blood products in subarachnoid spaces although other contributing factors including acute hydrocephalus, brain edema and rise in intracranial pressure may also play their roles to already compromised CBF. Secondly, during the course of subsequent days to weeks when cerebral vasospasm sets in, it can further cause drop in CBF and cerebral metabolism. This drop in CBF is topographically heterogenous in brain parenchyma and this manifests as the delayed cerebral ischemia causing neurological deficits. Based on these pathophysiological mechanisms, the standard use of hypervolemic therapy was rationalized in neurosurgical practice in the past to mitigate the detrimental effects of hypoperfusion and it used to be achieved by routine use of crystalloids/isotonic solutions and complementary colloidal agents including dextran, hypertonic saline and human albumin in neurocritical care.

In animal studies with rat models for acute focal ischemia, albumin treatment has effectively reduced size of penumbra. In contemporary clinical practice, the beneficial effects of human albumin has been investigated in cerebral strokes, acute brain injury, intracranial hemorrhages, including aSAH with promising results. In a pilot study conducted by Suarez et al (ALISAH) for a clinically safe dosage regimen for aSAH, it has also been observed that the use of albumin may be effective to prevent the deleterious effects of cerebral vasospasm by enhanced CBF leading to improvements in neurological outcome in aSAH patients. Ali A. et al recently published a systematic review that underscores obvious gaps in literature for the use of human albumin with no randomized control trial published to-date and highlighting the lack of any robust clinical evidence for the role of albumin to treat cerebral vasospasm in aSAH This single center RCT will aim to explore potential beneficial role of human albumin to improve clinical outcome in patients with aSAH.

Inclusion criteria

• Age limits of participants will be between 18 and 80 years with either gender (male or female).
• Clinical presentation with the first of symptom of aSAH must be within 72 hours before randomization.
• Clinical manifestation must be suggestive of aSAH that may include classical thunderclap headache, cranial nerve deficits, changes in level of consciousness, neck rigidity and neurological deficits.
• All cases with WFNS grade 1 to 5 (at the time of randomization) will be recruited in the study.
• Head computed tomography demonstrates evidence of SAH (graded on Claassen's scale).
• Diagnostic cerebral angiography shows a saccular aneurysm/s, consistent with clinical presentation of SAH.
• Definitive treatment of ruptured aneurysm/s (with clipping or coiling of combined) must be carried out within 72 hours prior to randomization.
• An informed consent by patient or surrogate representative, must be duly signed and dated.

Exclusion criteria

• Timing of first symptom of SAH cannot be reliably ascertained.
• Cerebral angiogram negative SAH.
• Cerebral angiography showing mycotic/traumatic/fusiform aneurysm/s.
• Symptomatic vasospasm or angiographic (on TCD or CTA) sets in before recruitment within 72 hours.
• History of clinical findings/hospitalization due to heart failure within the past 6 months,
• Albumin administration prior to randomization in the same hospital admission.
• History of acute myocardial infarction (MI) within past 3 months.
• Any clinical presentations or electrocardiography (ECG) findings suggestive of acute MI on current admission.
• ECG evidence and/or clinical findings of 2nd or 3rd degree heart block or arrhythmias causing hemodynamic changes.
• Echocardiogram done before intervention/randomization showing an ejection fraction of <40%.
• A creatinine level of >2.0 mg/dl or a creatinine clearance of <50 ml/min
• Pregnancy, lactation, or parturition within previous 30 days
• Any allergies to any ingredient in human albumin preparation.
• A prior severe physical disability (mRS >2) that may hamper assessment of clinical outcome.
• Advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (with FEV1 <50%) may manifest as frequent episodes significantly affecting the overall quality of life.
• Hepatic failure or suspected liver dysfunction due to deranged liver functions, decreased serum albumin levels, high bilirubin levels with/without peripheral edema and hepatic encephalopathy.
• Patient has been already enrolled in another study involving a drug administration.
• Patient suffering from terminal diseases with life expectancy < 6 months
• If patient speaks any other language in which consent has not been translated.
• In case, patient drops out/withdraws from study or transferred out of state of Qatar and therefore lost to follow up short of 3-month follow up.