Home-based Resistance Training to Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Physical activity measured leisure-time physical activity for 7 days by Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE).PASE was self-administered occupational, household, and leisure physical activities. Participants were asked about the intensity, frequency, and duration of a variety of activities, including walking; strenuous, moderate, and light sports; muscle strength and endurance; occupational activities that included standing or walking; lawn work and gardening; caring for another person; home repairs; and heavy and light housework over the previous 7 days. The frequency and duration of each activity were multiplied by an empirically derived item weight and summed to compute the total PASE score activity.15 The PASE questions work-related, household, and leisure time activities for the 7 days preceding the interview. The score is continuous, ranges from 0 to 793, and higher values indicate a more active individual.

Hand Grip strength bilateral Grip strength will be measured using a Jamar dynamometer by asking the patient to squeeze the dynamometer handle with each hand third alternately, starting with the right hand using a standardized protocol. A brief break of approximately 1 min will be allowed between each measurement, and the maximum value will be recorded in kilograms (kg). The relative test-retest reliability of grip-strength measures obtained by dynamometry was good to excellent (intra-class correlation coefficients > 0.80) (Bohannon,2017).ICC of the test-retest with one single operator ranged from 0·60 (0·37-0·83) for the ankle extensors to 0·85 (0·74-0·95) for the elbow flexors.

In this study, body composition used bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to analyze body muscle and fat data.was measured by OM-ROM HF-701 for body weight, and a body fat machine was used to measure the participants' body weight, body fat, and limb skeletal muscle ratio. The skeletal muscle rate of the whole body, arms, trunk, and feet was measured using a single frequency on four poles (a 50 kHz single frequency, measured by four guide hands and feet). The value range is 5.0~50.0%, with 0.1% as the unit. The measurements obtained from the device indicate the ratio of total skeletal muscle mass and body fat relative to body weight. The skeletal muscle weight cut-off points for sarcopenia are <37.5% for men and <32.6% for women; the cut-off points for fat rate and obesity are >29% for men and >40% for women.

self-efficacy about exercise will measured by Chinese version of the self-efficacy for exercise (SEE-C) scale . It was designed to test people's confidence to continue exercising in the face of barriers to exercise.The participants will instruct to listen to the statement and then choose an option from 0 (not confident) to 10 (very confident). The scale was scored by summing the numerical ratings for each response and dividing the total by the number of non-missing responses. The mean scores for the self-efficacy of exercise ranged from 0 to 10, with the higher scores representing greater exercise self-efficacy.SEE-C has acceptable levels of reliability and validity for the scale when used with older people in Taiwan.

Physical performance was a 30-s chair stand test.

30-s chair stand test: Participants were instructed to rise as quickly as possible from a seated position, with full body weight on the chair, to a standing posture, with their legs fully extended while keeping their arms folded across their chest. The 30CST measures the maximal number of chair stands completed during 30 seconds of the test.

Glycosylated Hemoglobin was taken some days(around 1 week) before the clinical visit. HbA1c was measured by a commercial pathology laboratory using standard assays.

6-meter walking speed: Participants walked twice at their usual pace over a 6-meter course. Time in seconds was recorded between the 2nd and the 4th meter. Distance (m) divided by time (s) was used to calculate walking speed. Slow gait speed was defined using AWGS 2019 reference value of < 1.0 m/s