Home-Based Exergame Program for Community-Dwelling Older Adults

The one-leg standing test was used to evaluate static postural balance. The one-leg standing test is a simple, reliable, and valid test for assessing balance and fall risk in older adults.

To evaluate dynamic postural balance, the Berg balance scale was used. It has a perfect score of 56 and consists of 14 items, with a perfect score of 4 for each item.

Functional reaching test was used to evaluate movement limits.

Timed up-and-go test was used to assess functional movement and mobility.

Five-times sit-to-stand test was used to evaluate lower-extremity muscle strength.

Falls efficacy was evaluated using the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES), which was specifically developed for older adults. The MFES consists of 14 questions, each scored from 0 (not confident) to 10 (very confident). The total score ranges from 0 to 140, with higher scores indicating greater confidence in performing activities without falling, which is considered a better outcome.

Depression was measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15), a validated screening tool for older adults. The GDS-15 consists of 15 yes/no questions, with scores ranging from 0 to 15. Higher scores represent more severe depressive symptoms, which is considered a worse outcome.

Health-related quality of life was measured using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), which assesses multiple domains of health status, including physical functioning, pain, role limitations, emotional problems, mental health, social functioning, vitality, and general health. The SF-36 contains 36 items, each rated on a scale from 1 to 5, with the total score converted to a range from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better health outcomes, reflecting a better quality of life.