Hip Pathomorphology in Collegiate Athletes and Controls

Overview of Hip Pathomorphology. Osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip is the loss of articular cartilage in the load bearing areas of the joint. OA affects one in six adults, with hip OA affecting 9 million US citizens. Abnormal bony morphology of the femur and/or acetabulum (herein called pathomorphology) is believed to initiate damage to the articular cartilage and acetabular labrum and may predispose the hip to early OA. This study focuses on two types of hip pathomorphology: femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and acetabular dysplasia. FAI is characterized by reduced clearance between the femoral head and acetabulum due to femoral head/neck asphericity (cam FAI), acetabular overcoverage (pincer FAI), or a combination of the two (mixed FAI). Dysplasia is characterized by a shallow or maloriented acetabulum.

Elevated Risk of Hip Pathomorphology in Athletes. Hip pathomorphology is a common cause of hip pain in athletes, and can limit or end sports participation. Collegiate and professional athletes are considered at high risk for symptomatic FAI and dysplasia due to demands placed on their hips during repetitive sport-specific motions. Sports which require supra-physiologic hip motion may cause underlying bony abnormalities to become symptomatic by initiating and/or aggravating chondrolabral damage. For example, hockey requires repetitive hip flexion with internal rotation that is hypothesized to lead to increased incidence and pain related to FAI.

Athletes are also considered at high risk for the development of symptomatic FAI because they are hypothesized to have a higher prevalence of underlying bony abnormalities. Radiographic findings consistent with hip pathomorphology are present not only in symptomatic patients but also in asymptomatic individuals. In general population, previous estimates of prevalence are 15-30% for FAI and 6-7% for dysplasia. It is hypothesized that the prevalence of FAI in some athletes may be much higher, but the prevalence of dysplasia is equivalent. High physical demand during the critical stages of hip development or beyond may initiate remodeling, leading to abnormalities consistent with FAI. This remodeling is not hypothesized to occur with dysplasia, but has not been investigated.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hip Pathomorphology. Arthroscopic and open surgical treatment of symptomatic FAI and dysplasia seeks to reduce pain, improve function and prevent/delay osteoarthritis by restoring normal joint morphology. If surgery is performed before radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis exists, most professional athletes can return to their pre-surgery level of play. For example, 28 hockey players who underwent arthroscopic treatment of FAI return to sports at a mean of 3.8 months. Interestingly, those who had already developed arthritis or experienced a delay in treatment from the onset of hip pain had a delayed return to sport. Thus, early diagnosis and prompt treatment may be important to optimize clinical outcomes and facilitate the return to sport for athletic patients.

While the timeliness of a proper diagnosis continues to improve, misdiagnosis can occur by clinicians not familiar with hip pathomorphology. For example, prior to being diagnosed with FAI, many patients consult multiple health-care providers and even undergo unnecessary surgical procedures. Even professional athletes are not treated immediately, with the average time from onset of symptoms to treatment reported to be 29.6 months.

Motivation. While no study has supported prophylactic treatment of abnormal bony morphology in asymptomatic hips, symptomatic hips could benefit from early treatment to prevent further chondrolabral damage. The overall goal of this study is to improve the diagnosis and timeliness of treatment of hip pathomorphology by 1) identifying "at-risk" populations and 2) determining if physical exams could be used to screen members of "at-risk" populations for underlying abnormalities.

Inclusion criteria

Athletes:

• Males and females aged 18-30 years
• All athletes participating in Division 1A collegiate sports or club sports at the University of Utah
• All students in the Ballet and Modern Dance departments at the University of Utah
• All individuals on cheerleading teams

Control Subjects:

• Volunteers in the same age range as the athletic subjects (18-30 years)
• Students attending the University of Utah at all academic departments except Ballet, Modern Dance and Exercise and Sport Science.

Exclusion criteria

• Minors (under age 18)
• mentally disabled
• persons incarcerated
• on parole, probation awaiting trial
• pregnant women
• A positive human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) urine pregnancy test

Athletes:

• Players from the University of Utah football team

Control Subjects:

• Any individual who participated in varsity sports during high school
• Currently participating in collegiate or club sports
• Students in the Ballet, Modern Dance and Exercise and Sport Science departments, or on the cheerleading team