High-Intensity Interval or Concurrent Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Obese Women

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a highly reactive compound and a key biomarker for oxidative stress, formed primarily from the breakdown (peroxidation) of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes, indicating cellular damage

Serum Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) measures the overall ability of antioxidants in your blood (serum) to neutralize harmful free radicals, reflecting your body's defense against oxidative stress, a key factor in aging and diseases

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), also known as CCL2, is a vital CC chemokine that acts as a powerful signal, attracting monocytes, macrophages, and T cells to sites of inflammation, infection, and tissue injury in the body, playing a key role in innate immunity and various inflammatory diseases

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple calculation using your height and weight to estimate body fat

Body fat percentage is the proportion of your total body weight that is fat, not muscle, bone, or water, calculated as (Total Fat Mass / Total Body Mass) x 100

Waist circumference (WC) is a simple body measurement around your midsection (between the lowest rib and hip bone) used as an indicator of abdominal fat (visceral fat)

Hip circumference (HC) is a key body measurement of the fullest part of your hips and buttocks

The Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) is a simple measurement dividing your waist circumference by your hip circumference, showing how fat is distributed, especially around your midsection (belly).

Total Cholesterol (TC) is a blood test measuring all cholesterol in your blood, to assess heart disease risk, with healthy levels generally below 200 mg/dL (or 5.0 mmol/L)

Triglycerides are a common type of fat (lipid) in your blood, serving as the body's main way to store energy from food

High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol is known as the "good" cholesterol because it helps remove bad cholesterol from your body by transporting it back to the liver for removal

Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol is often called "bad cholesterol" because high levels build up as plaque in your arteries, narrowing them and increasing your risk for heart attacks and strokes, even though high LDL levels usually have no symptoms

he Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) is a key indicator of cardiovascular risk, calculated as the log ratio of triglycerides (TG) to HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (Log(TG/HDL-C)), reflecting impaired lipid metabolism and inflammation

Serum insulin refers to the amount of the hormone insulin circulating in your blood

HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) is a calculation that uses your fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin levels to estimate how resistant your body's cells are to insulin.