HFNT vs. COT in COVID-19

The interventions will be delivered in any hospital ward caring for COVID-19 patients.

The interventions under investigation will be high flow nasal therapy in comparison with conventional oxygen therapy.

HFNT will be delivered by any device (standalone machine or ventilators able to deliver it). The initial flow rate will be set at 40 L/min and potentially increased up to 60 L/min, according to patient tolerance. Large-bore nasal prongs will be selected according to the size of patients' nostrils (i.e. 2/3 of the diameter of the patient's nostril). A surgical mask will be placed on top of the HFNT interface. The temperature will be set at 37°C or 34 °C according to the patient's comfort. The FiO2 will be adjusted to maintain SpO2 between 92-96%. A feeding tube or a nasogastric tube will not represent a contraindication for the use of HFNT provided the patency of the used nostril.

Conventional Oxygen therapy will be delivered by any device or combination of devices used for delivering oxygen such as nasal cannula, Venturi Mask or Mask with or without a reservoir bag as per usual local practice. Oxygen flow will be titrated to achieve SpO2 between 92-96%.

Co-interventions: Patients potentially eligible for the study will be evaluated by the attending physicians and receive medical therapy based on the attending physician's decision and local protocols. Awake proning is allowed. Local protocols, including drugs and awake proning, will be discussed with the enrolling centers at the initiation visit, and adherence to WHO guidelines will be recommended. Written informed consent from all the patients will be collected.

Termination criteria & protocol violation: Criteria for weaning off COT or HFNT was at clinical discretion of the managing physician based on the improvement in oxygenation with ability to maintain SpO2 of 96% or greater with less than 0.30 of FiO2 or P/F > 300. The switch from COT to HFNT should be considered a protocol violation and should be based on clinical decision of the treating physician.

Criteria to be considered for escalation of treatment: 1) SpO2 ≤ 92% despite COT or HFNT or P/F ≤ 180 with FiO2 ≥ 50%, and 2) at least one of the following: respiratory rate ≥ 28 breaths/min, severe dyspnea, signs of increased work of breathing (e.g. use of accessory muscles). If the patient meets these criteria, escalation of treatment CPAP, NIV or IMV will be considered.

The choice of the type of escalating treatment will be a clinical decision of the treating physician.

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥ 18 years old
• Tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) nasopharyngeal swabs
• Clinical signs of acute respiratory infection and radiological evidence of pneumonia
• Hospital admission in any ward or Emergency Department within 48 h
• SpO2 ≤ 92% or PaO2/FiO2 < 300 in room air and need for oxygen therapy according to clinical judgment, at the screening.

Exclusion criteria

• PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200
• Respiratory rate ≥ 28 breaths/min and or severe dyspnea and or use of accessory muscles
• Need for immediate intubation or noninvasive ventilation (including CPAP) according to clinical judgment (e.g. clinical diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema, respiratory acidosis pH ≤ 7.3)
• Patients already on CPAP/NIV or HFNT at study screening
• Septic shock
• Evidence of multiorgan failure
• Glasgow Coma Scale < 13
• Inability to comprehend the study content and give informed consent
• PaCO2 > 45 mmHg, (if blood gas available) or history of chronic hypercapnia
• Patient already on long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) or home NIV/CPAP (even if only overnight)
• Neuromuscular disease
• Limitation of care based on patients' or physicians' decision