Heart Rate Variability and Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Assessment of HRV HRV measurement based on 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring was obtained from all patients using a 3- channel digital Holter recorder (CB-2302-A, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China). Assessment of DKD DKD was defined as the presence of albuminuria (UACR ≥ 30 mg/g,urine albumin in milligram,creatinine in gram) or eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2 (creatinine concentration in umol/l,creatinine molecular weight in micromole, volume in litre;urine volume per minute in milliliter per minute; body surface area in square meter) based on SCr levels. Albuminuria was defined using UACR of a single early-morning urine measurement.For all Participants, 132 patients had albuminuria and 50 patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2

Clinical examination and laboratory measurements Subjects were interviewed by a physician regarding their medical history, history of hypoglycemic attacks, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. A trained examiner measured the height (in meters) and body weight (in kilograms) of the patients. Body mass index (BMI) in kg/m^2, weight in kilograms, height in meters. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or both, or if the patient was already taking anti-hypertensive drugs. Blood and urine samples were analyzed at the medical examination center of Kunming First People's Hospital.