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13-item assessment of parent-child relationship quality. Each item is rated on a Likert 5 scale from 1 (definitely not) to 5 (definitely). The total score is the average of item responses and ranges from 1-5; higher scores indicate a stronger and more positive relationship between the child and parent.

13-item assessment of parent-child relationship quality. Each item is rated on a Likert 5 scale from 1 (definitely not) to 5 (definitely). The total score is the average of item responses and ranges from 1-5; higher scores indicate a stronger and more positive relationship between the child and parent.

The StimQ is a parent-report measure of the cognitive home environment, designed to assess the level of cognitive stimulation children receive at home. Items include dichotomous (yes or no) and Likert-style responses ranging from 0-4. The total score is the sum of item responses and ranges from 0 to 43; higher scores are correlated with better parental behavior.

The StimQ is a parent-report measure of the cognitive home environment, designed to assess the level of cognitive stimulation children receive at home. Items include dichotomous (yes or no) and Likert-style responses ranging from 0-4. The total score is the sum of item responses and ranges from 0 to 43; higher scores are correlated with better parental behavior.

36-item parent-report questionnaire used to measure the temperament of an infant (3-12 months old). Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (never) to 7 (always); the total score is the average of responses and ranges from 1-7; higher scores indicating greater frequency of behaviors.

BITSEA measures socioemotional development in toddlerhood. 11 of the items cover competence. Each item is rated on a scale from 0-2. The total BITSEA Competence Score is the sum of responses and ranges from 0-22; higher scores indicate greater functioning.

BITSEA measures socioemotional development in toddlerhood. 31 of the items cover problems. Each item is rated on a scale from 0-2. The total BITSEA Problems Score is the sum of responses and ranges from 0-62; higher scores indicate poorer functioning.

100-item questionnaire identifying problem behavior in children. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 (absent) to 2 (often occurs). The raw score is the sum of responses and is transformed into a final t-score ranging from 0-100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. T-scores below 60 indicate non-clinical symptoms; t-scores between 60 and 64 indicate that the child is at risk for problem behaviors; and t-scores above 65 indicate clinical symptoms.

10-item screening tool used to assess symptoms of depression in pregnant and postpartum women. The total score is determined by adding together the scores for each of the 10 items and ranges from 0-30; higher scores indicate greater severity of depression.

10-item screening tool used to assess symptoms of depression in pregnant and postpartum women. The total score is determined by adding together the scores for each of the 10 items and ranges from 0-30; higher scores indicate greater severity of depression.

10-item screening tool used to assess symptoms of depression in pregnant and postpartum women. The total score is determined by adding together the scores for each of the 10 items and ranges from 0-30; higher scores indicate greater severity of depression.

10-item assessment of stress over the past month. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 0-40; higher scores indicate more severe stress.

10-item assessment of stress over the past month. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 0-40; higher scores indicate more severe stress.

10-item assessment of stress over the past month. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 0-40; higher scores indicate more severe stress.

5-item assessment of thoughts and feelings about being a parent. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (almost never or never) to 5 (almost always or always). The total score ranges from 5-25; higher scores indicate greater parenting self-agency.

5-item assessment of thoughts and feelings about being a parent. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (almost never or never) to 5 (almost always or always). The total score ranges from 5-25; higher scores indicate greater parenting self-agency.

5-item assessment of thoughts and feelings about being a parent. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (almost never or never) to 5 (almost always or always). The total score ranges from 5-25; higher scores indicate greater parenting self-agency.

5-item questionnaire of life satisfaction. Responses are scored on a Likert scale and then converted to a T-score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, where higher scores indicate greater satisfaction.

5-item questionnaire of life satisfaction. Responses are scored on a Likert scale and then converted to a T-score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, where higher scores indicate greater satisfaction.

5-item questionnaire of life satisfaction. Responses are scored on a Likert scale and then converted to a T-score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, where higher scores indicate greater satisfaction.

32-item assessment of relationship quality of intact couples. Each item is rated on a scale; the total score is the sum of responses. Scores range from 0 to 151, with higher scores indicating greater relationship satisfaction and lower scores suggesting more distress.

32-item assessment of relationship quality of intact couples. Each item is rated on a scale; the total score is the sum of responses. Scores range from 0 to 151, with higher scores indicating greater relationship satisfaction and lower scores suggesting more distress.

32-item assessment of relationship quality of intact couples. Each item is rated on a scale; the total score is the sum of responses. Scores range from 0 to 151, with higher scores indicating greater relationship satisfaction and lower scores suggesting more distress.

34-item questionnaire assessing how a parent handles their problems with their children's behavior over the past 3 months. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (never) to 6 (always). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 34 to 204; higher scores indicate greater frequency of harsher discipline.

34-item questionnaire assessing how a parent handles their problems with their children's behavior over the past 3 months. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (never) to 6 (always). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 34 to 204; higher scores indicate greater frequency of harsher discipline.

The ESCS is a videotaped, structured observation measure designed to assess nonverbal communication skills in children. Frequency scores for initiation of joint attention (IJA) are derived from behavioral observations during a series of tasks. IJA score ranges from 0 to 100 where a higher value indicates greater initiation of joint attention.

The ESCS is a videotaped, structured observation measure designed to assess nonverbal communication skills in children. Frequency scores for initiation of joint attention (IJA) are derived from behavioral observations during a series of tasks. IJA score ranges from 0 to 100 where a higher value indicates greater initiation of joint attention.

Parent report instrument that measures early language development, including productive vocabulary. Parents mark each example of words that their child says. The total score is the total number of words marked.

Parent report instrument that measures early language development, including productive vocabulary. Parents mark each example of words that their child says. The total score is the total number of words marked.