Health Promotion Model-Based Education and Motivational Interviewing for Parents of Children With Type 1 Diabetes

This quasi-experimental study will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Health Promotion Model-based education combined with motivational interviewing for parents of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. The theoretical framework will be based on Pender's Health Promotion Model, which emphasizes self-efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and interpersonal influences in promoting health behaviors. Motivational interviewing techniques will be integrated to strengthen parental engagement and support behavioral change.

Participants will not be randomized into groups. Instead, parents who voluntarily accept to receive the education will form the intervention group, while those who prefer not to participate in the training but agree to complete the evaluation will form the control group. The intervention will consist of structured education sessions lasting approximately 50-60 minutes, delivered in the pediatric endocrinology clinic setting, followed by motivational interviews.

Data will be collected at baseline and 12 weeks after the intervention. The evaluation will include validated measurement tools such as the Diabetes Self-Management Scale, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Diabetes Module, and HbA1c values obtained from patients' routine medical records. The study is anticipated to provide evidence on the effectiveness of Health Promotion Model-based education and motivational interviewing in strengthening parental support, thereby improving diabetes self-management in children with type 1 diabetes and enhancing quality of life for both children and their families.

Inclusion criteria

• Children aged 8-12 years with type 1 diabetes diagnosed for ≥ 1 year HbA1c ≥ 7% Using insulin pen for treatment Able to read and write Living in Istanbul No intellectual disability No other chronic disease Parent able to communicate by phone and use social media apps (e.g., WhatsApp, Zoom) Both child and parent willing to participate

Exclusion criteria

• sychiatric disorder diagnosis Type 1 diabetes diagnosis < 1 year Using insulin pump or other treatment methods Having another type of diabetes Not in the 8-12 age range Illiteracy (child or parent) Presence of another chronic disease Parent unable to use phone or social media apps Child and/or parent unwilling to participate