Health & Culture Project: Cultural Factors Underlying Obesity in African-American Adolescents

Obesity is a significant problem in African-American adolescents in the United States (US). The most recent data suggests a doubling of overweight (BMI percentile > 85th for age and gender) and obesity (BMI percentile >95th for age and gender) among these racial/ethnic minority youth in the last 10 years. In 2007-8, 39.5% of African-Americans a ages 12-19 were overweight and 24.4% were obese. These obesity rates were approximately double that of non-Latino whites. Until now, most of our efforts to reduce pediatric obesity have targeted at-risk youth who are physically inactive and over-consume energy dense foods. More recently, however, that focus has broadened as a result of new understanding about how cultural factors also shape physical activity behaviors and dietary patterns. With the rapid increase in cultural diversity of the US, Black culture is quickly becoming a part of mainstream American culture, evolving within the US, while simultaneously integrating aspects of different African and Black American cultures. Consequently, African- American youth who come of age in the US, a multicultural society, interact with people from different cultural backgrounds that can lead to an interchange of cultural attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. Specifically, these youth may adopt one of four general cultural identities: (a) bicultural identity-combining aspects of their family's culture with aspects of mainstream American culture; (b) US cultural identity- replacing their family's culture with mainstream American culture; (c) traditional cultural identity- retaining their family's culture while rejecting mainstream American culture; or (d) marginalized cultural identity- becoming alienated from both cultures. Biculturalism is considered the most adaptive process allowing individuals to function effectively in a multicultural society while still maintaining supportive connections to their own family's culture. Hence, it was hypothesized that racial/ethnic minority youth who self-report a bicultural identity maintain health promotion beliefs and behaviors that reduce obesity risk compared to minority youth who only identify with one culture or neither culture.

Empirical investigations assessing the impact of cultural identity on health promotion behaviors in African-American adults have reported a positive identification with African-American culture and a self- perception of being successful in both the "black" and "white" ways of life were associated with health promotion behaviors including reduced fat consumption and more participation in leisure-time physical activity. Less is known about the impact of cultural identity on physical activity behavior and dietary patterns in African-American youth. One important mechanism underlying the link between cultural identity, physical activity and diet likely involves identity-based motivation the process by which individuals see health behaviors as being congruent or incongruent with their cultural identity. According to the identity-based motivation model, health promotion behaviors (e.g., exercising, restraining eating, reducing fat and sugar intake) are not simply personal choices made in the moment but rather are identity-infused habits. Hence, ethnic minorities who view health promotion behaviors as White and middle-class and unhealthy behaviors (e.g., high-fat, high-sugar diet, sedentary behaviors) as a defining characteristic of their own cultural identity are less likely to engage in health promotion behaviors. Oyserman et al argues that even though physical activity and diet have important consequences for health, these identity-infused behaviors are engaged in less for their health consequences than for their identity consequences. Hence, identity-based motivation may serve as a novel mechanism explaining the link between cultural identity, physical activity and diet, ultimately influencing obesity risk in African-American youth. It was hypothesized that racial/ethnic minority youth who self report a bicultural identity are more likely to hold beliefs about health promotion behaviors that are congruent with their cultural identity than compared to youth who only identify with one culture or neither culture.

• Test whether a bicultural identity among African-American adolescents is associated with obesity risk and related health behaviors.

H1: African-American adolescents who self-report a bicultural identity will report lower BMIs, increased physical activity and lower fat and sugar intake compared to adolescents who maintain an alternate cultural identity.

• Test whether a bicultural identity is associated with identity-based motivation in African-American adolescents.

H2: African-American adolescents who self-report a bicultural identity view health promotion behaviors as identity-congruent compared to adolescents who maintain an alternate cultural identity.

• To evaluate whether identity-based motivation mediates the associations between a bicultural identity, obesity risk and related health behaviors in African-American adolescents. H3: Identity-congruent health promotion beliefs mediate associations between biculturalism, BMI, physical activity and diet in African-American adolescents.

The Health & Culture project represents the convergence of two rapidly expanding areas of pediatric obesity research; the role of cultural identity and identity-based motivation in shaping health promotion behaviors. The investigators recently submitted several papers for publication examining associations between cultural identity, physical activity, diet and diabetes-related metabolic risk factors in obese African- American adolescents. Results demonstrate that for obese African-American adolescents, biculturalism was negatively associated with diabetes risk (via increased pancreatic beta-cell function assessed during a frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test). These relationships remained significant after controlling for household socioeconomic status, sex, pubertal maturation, fat/fat-free mass, physical activity and diet. These exciting findings peeked our interest in the area of cultural psychology, particularly as it relates to racial/ethnic disparities in pediatric obesity. Moreover, these preliminary data extend the findings of others who have pointed to the important role of cultural identity in shaping health and health behaviors. The researchers are advancing this area of research further by examining the influence of identity-based motivation in the context of cultural identity. Because identity-based motivation is a modifiable psychosocial mechanism, a richer and more in depth understanding of how identity-based motivation may help to inform culturally-tailored interventions could have a large public health impact by improving health promotion behaviors in racial/ethnic minority youth and reducing the economic burden of pediatric obesity.

Inclusion criteria

• Adolescents ages 12-18 years old from the greater Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti, Michigan areas were recruited to participate in this study.

Exclusion criteria

Adolescents were not be eligible for the study if any of the following apply:

• Participated in a weight loss or exercise program within the previous 6 months;
• Were taking any medications known to influence body composition;
• Diagnosed with syndromes or diseases that may influence body composition and fat distribution;
• Previously diagnosed with any major illness/health condition since birth.