Health, Body Composition, and Nutrition Research Among Women in Kazakhstan

FMI in kg/m², measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Higher values indicate greater adiposity and a less favorable body composition profile.

BMD in g/cm², measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Higher values indicate greater bone mineral density and generally better bone health, whereas lower values indicate reduced bone mineral density.

FFMI in kg/m², calculated as total fat-free mass (kg) divided by height squared (m²), and measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Higher values indicate greater fat-free mass relative to height and a more favorable body composition profile.

Measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and reported as visceral fat mass in grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Higher values indicate greater accumulation of visceral adipose tissue and a less favorable body composition profile.

ALMI in kg/m², calculated as the sum of lean mass from both arms and legs (kg) divided by height squared (m²), and measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). This is a continuous measure and does not have a predefined minimum or maximum value. Higher values indicate greater appendicular lean mass.

ASMI in kg/m², calculated as the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (sum of lean soft tissue mass of the arms and legs, kg) divided by height squared (m²), and measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). This is a continuous measure and has no predefined minimum or maximum value. Higher values indicate greater appendicular skeletal muscle mass.

A self-reported screening tool consisting of five items evaluating strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls. Each item is scored from 0 to 2, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate greater risk of sarcopenia and poorer physical function, with scores ≥4 suggesting probable sarcopenia.

A 19-item questionnaire evaluating food sufficiency, healthy eating patterns, foods to limit, salt intake, alcohol consumption, and dietary supplement use. Each item is rated on a 4-point frequency scale. Responses are summed to generate a total dietary quality score ranging from 19 to 76, with higher scores indicating better overall dietary quality and greater adherence to healthy dietary practices.

Evaluates the frequency and duration of walking, moderate-intensity activity, and vigorous-intensity activity over the past 7 days. Responses are converted into metabolic equivalent task (MET)-minutes per week. Total physical activity score has no fixed minimum or maximum value, as it is a continuous measure. Higher scores indicate greater levels of physical activity.

A 19-item questionnaire that evaluates sleep quality and disturbances over the past month across seven components (subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction). Each component is scored from 0 to 3, yielding a total global score ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality, with scores >5 generally indicating poor sleep quality.