Health Beliefs, Glycemic Control, and Preventing Cognitive Decline in African Americans with Diabetes and Mild Cognitive Impairment: a Randomized Clinical Trial

Thirty percent of African Americans (AAs) with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) have (DM), which increases risk for cognitive decline and dementia. Poorly controlled DM magnifies this risk, and AAs have worse glycemic control than Whites. This single-site, double-blind, active-control, phase II randomized controlled trial (RCT) will compare the efficacy of DM-Specific Behavioral Activation (DM-BA) vs. Enhanced Usual Care (EUC) to prevent decline in verbal memory (primary outcome) over 2 years in 200 AAs over age 65 years with amnestic multiple-domain MCI and poorly controlled DM. DM-BA is a behavioral treatment for DM, as well as a secondary prevention strategy for dementia. DM-BA reinforces DM self-care and addresses negative beliefs about medications and physicians. In DM-BA, race-concordant community health workers (CHWs) will: 1) deliver in-home DM education tailored to AAs with MCI; 2) use action plans to reinforce DM self-care; 3) facilitate telehealth visits with a DM nurse educator to guide management of DM and address participants' health beliefs; and 4) increase primary care physicians' (PCP) awareness of participants' cognitive deficits and health beliefs to optimize treatment of DM. The control treatment, EUC, is usual medical care enhanced with DM self-care education. Both DM-BA and EUC deliver DM education and have the same number of in-home treatment visits (i.e., 6 visits over 6 months, and 5 booster visits over the next 18 months). EUC, however, does not include DM-BA's behavioral approach to improve glycemic control, telehealth visits with a DM nurse educator, or PCP communication. The treatment comparison will identify DM-BA's specific efficacy over and above EUC. Randomization will follow a fixed scheme with a 1:1 allocation ratio and stratification by hemoglobin A1c level (7.5% - 9% vs. ≥ 9%). We are recruiting participants from primary care practices. We will administer the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) (to assess verbal memory; the primary outcome) and the Uniform Data Set neuropsychological battery (to assess executive function, processing speed, language, visuospatial function, and global cognition; all exploratory outcomes) at baseline and months 6, 12, 18, and 24. The primary efficacy analysis will compare trajectories in HVLT-R Total Recall scores over 2 years by treatment group. A novel exploratory aim will investigate whether Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) measures of retinal Vessel Area Density (an indicator of microvascular disease) and/or Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer thickness (an indicator of neurodegeneration) [i.e., proxies for cerebral microvascular and neurodegenerative disease, respectively] mediate treatment effects. We will also explore whether APOE genotype moderates treatment effects, and explore DM-BA's impact on multiple cognitive domains and incidence rates of dementia. We powered this RCT to test the hypothesis that the slope of the trajectory of HVLT-R Total Recall scores in DM-BA participants will not differ significantly from 0 (i.e., no change), whereas the slope of the trajectory of HVLT-R Total Recall scores in EUC controls will be significantly negative (i.e., decline) over 2 years. With 25% attrition over 2 years, a randomized sample of 200 participants will provide over 80% power for detecting an annual 1-point difference in slopes (2-point difference in 2-year means; a clinically meaningful difference) at the two-sided alpha=0.05 level. The scientific rigor of this study derives from the double-blind RCT design; recruitment of a sample at high risk for cognitive decline; use of validated outcome measures; adequate power; masked outcome assessments; delivery of two standardized credible interventions, and data already demonstrating DM-BA's effectiveness to improve glycemic control. This RCT is innovative because it will determine whether improving glycemic control prevents cognitive decline in a high risk population. Previous RCTs have studied lower risk populations and have been inconclusive. We will also uniquely explore whether OCT-evidence of retinal microvascular disease and/or neurodegeneration mediate treatment effects. This RCT is significant because it targets two prevalent problems in older AAs with DM (i.e., poor glycemic control and dementia). AAs' high risk for this comorbidity emerges in part from cultural factors (e.g., health beliefs) and requires culturally relevant treatment. The number of older AAs with DM in the U.S. (now 1 million) will double by 2030. This doubling will increase the burden of dementia in AAs (who already have twice the rate of dementia as Whites) and necessitates preventive treatment. We have the experience and expertise to test this treatment, and the opportunity to change how DM is treated to prevent cognitive decline in AAs with DM. If successful, this RCT will bring us closer to achieving health equity for all Americans and meet the goals of the National Alzheimer's Project Act.

Inclusion criteria

• African American race
• Age ≥ 65 years
• Type 2 DM
• Duration of DM ≥ 1 year
• HbA1c ≥ 7.5
• Amnestic multiple-domain MCI by NIA-AA criteria
• Able to provide written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Dementia
• Excluded medical conditions
• Life expectancy less than two years in the opinion of the PCP
• Psychiatric disorders
• Cannot provide written consent