Haloperidol and Lorazepam for Delirium in Patients With Advanced Cancer

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To compare the effect of single dose lorazepam and placebo as an adjuvant to haloperidol on the intensity of agitation (Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale) over 8 hours.

II. To assess the within-arm effect of single-dose lorazepam or placebo, as an adjuvant agent with haloperidol, on agitation intensity (Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale) over 8 hours in patients admitted to an acute palliative care unit.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To compare the effect of single dose lorazepam and placebo as an adjuvant to haloperidol on (1) delirium related distress in nurses and caregivers, (2) delirium duration, (3) need for rescue doses of neuroleptics, (4) delirium recall, (5) symptom expression (Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale), (6) communicative capacity, (7) adverse effects, (8) discharge outcomes, and (9) survival in cancer patients.

II. To evaluate proportion of patients who consent and are randomized to study however drop out before being treated or before finishing 8-hour Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) assessment; and the reasons of drop-outs will be documented and reported.

III. To explore the changes in biomarker levels in saliva samples (salivary cortisol, cholinesterase, C-reactive protein, interleukin-1 beta, -6, and -10) over time and in association with delirium severity.

IV. To examine the inter-rater reliability of RASS in the Acute Palliative Care Unit (APCU) setting between the bedside nurse and the research nurse at the time of study enrollment.

V. To conduct exploratory analyses on RASS as an outcome. VI. To examine the association among rescue medication use, RASS and perceived comfort by the nurses and caregivers.

VII. To examine the proportion of patients enrolled onto the delirium trial who achieved control of agitation and did not require the randomized study medication.

VIII. To identify patient factors associated with control of agitated delirium.

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 arms.

ARM I: Patients receive lorazepam intravenously (IV) over 1-2 minutes and haloperidol IV every 6 hours or every 1 hour if needed.

ARM II: Patients receive placebo IV over 1-2 minutes and haloperidol IV every 6 hours or every 1 hour if needed.

Inclusion criteria

• PATIENTS:
• Diagnosis of advanced cancer (defined as locally advanced, metastatic, recurrent, or incurable disease)
• Admitted to Acute Palliative Care Unit (APCU)
• Delirium as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV- TR) criteria
• Hyperactive/mixed delirium with RASS >= 2 in the last 24 hours
• On scheduled haloperidol of =< 8 mg in the last 24 hours
• Legally authorized representative consent
• FAMILY CAREGIVERS:
• Patient's spouse, adult child, sibling, parent, other relative, or significant other (defined by the patient as a partner)
• Age 18 or older
• At the patient's bedside at least 4 hours each day during patient delirium episode
• Patients and family caregivers able to communicate in English or Spanish

Exclusion criteria

• PATIENTS
• History of myasthenia gravis or acute narrow angle glaucoma
• History of neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• History of Parkinson's disease or dementia
• Uncontrolled seizure disorder
• History of hypersensitivity to haloperidol or benzodiazepine
• On regular doses of benzodiazepine or chlorpromazine within the past 48 hours
• Previously documented and persistent corrected QT (QTc) prolongation (> 500 ms)
• Heart failure exacerbation at the time of enrollment