Halo Index and Adaptive Alarm Thresholds During Routine PACU Inpatient Care: "Normal" vs. "Non-normal" Recovery

The purpose of this study is to define normal and non-normal recovery of patients in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) following major inpatient surgery using the Halo Index, a measure derived from physiologic parameters collected through the Patient SafetyNet system.

Background Masimo has developed a series of patient monitors designed to improve perioperative care. The Radical-7 pulse oximeter not only delivers accurate, artifact-rejecting pulse and oximetry information, but can also be configured to measure hemoglobin levels and pleth variability index (an assessment of the adequacy of fluid volume replacement). The rainbow Acoustic Respiration Monitor is able to document presence and adequacy of ventilation. These parameters have been combined in the SafetyNet Remote Monitoring system. With this system, data from individual patient monitors are wireless transmitted to a central station. When certain alarm thresholds are crossed, the system can automatically notify caregivers. Use of this system on a post-operative floor has shown it to result in significantly fewer rapid response team (RRT) calls and ICU admission compared to routine care.

As an enhancement, Masimo has developed the Halo Index. The Halo Index is calculated through an amalgamation of SafetyNet parameters. The index provides global trend information about the patient's overall physiologic status. Often patient deterioration occurs over time, with subtle changes that are appreciated only through trend analysis. Conceptually, the Halo Index and associated alarms will improve patient care compared with care based on periodic human assessment and routine monitoring.

While the SafetyNet and Halo index are intended for use on the post-operative patient care floors with relatively high patient-to-nurse staffing ratios, there may well be monitoring utility in the PACU, where there is greater patient acuity. It is quite possible that the Halo index will be able to detect evidence of "mal-recovery" in the PACU and may allow intervention in such patients that will improve outcome. Before such an assessment of benefit can be made, it is necessary to define the behavior of the Halo index during "normal" recovery and to see if the index has a different characteristic in those patients whose PACU discharge is delayed for medical reasons or those who require unusual medical interventions.

In addition, significant percentage of patients who undergo major surgery will experience morbidity in the first 30 days following surgery. Major morbidity can be defined as an occurrence of one or more of the following postoperative complications: organ space infection, pneumonia, unplanned intubation, pulmonary embolism, ventilator dependence more than 48 hours, acute renal failure, stroke/cerebral vascular accident with neurologic deficit, coma more than 24 hours, cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation, myocardial infarction, transfusion of 5 or more units erythrocytes within 72 hours, sepsis/septic shock, and mortality.

The chance of developing one or more of these morbid outcomes increases with the size of the surgery and with the severity of the patient's preexisting medical problems, ranging from less than 1% to over 50% depending on these factors. It is unknown whether perturbations in early recovery parameters are associated with postoperative morbidity. If so, it may be possible to predict who is at increased risk for morbidity based on monitoring during the early recovery period.

Inclusion criteria

• planned post-operative admission of 24 hours or greater
• age greater than 18

Exclusion criteria

• patients requiring mechanical ventilation with endotracheal intubation or laryngeal mask airway (oral/nasal airway are acceptable)
• patients receiving transfusion of blood products on arrival to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU)
• patients requiring vasoactive medications including vasopressors on arrival to PACU.