Haemodialysis Alters Hypercoagulability of Blood in Dialysis Patients

Inclusion criteria

• dialysis patients: The inclusion criteria included patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease (eGFR≤15 mL/(min·1.73m²)) who had been on regular dialysis at the hospital for at least three months healthy volunteer：aged between 18 and 85 years; (2) without any clinically diagnostic severe diseases including but not limited to a tumor, diabetes, cardiovascular, renal, nervous, digestive and mental disorders Diagnostic Criteria for Thrombosis: (1) Confirmed Imaging Evidence: Definitive visualization of a thrombus using imaging modalities such as ultrasonography (e.g., Doppler ultrasound for deep vein thrombosis), computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) venography. (2) Consistent Clinical Presentation Supported by Imaging: A clinical picture suggestive of thrombosis (e.g., limb swelling, pain, or respiratory distress) corroborated by positive imaging findings. (3) Laboratory and Clinical Correlation: Elevated levels of a laboratory marker, such as D-dimer, combined with imaging evidence of thrombosis, and exclusion of alternative causes of symptoms (e.g., conditions listed in pregnancy registries or other differential diagnoses).

Exclusion criteria

• dialysis patients: (1) hemodialysis patients with no recent history of major surgical conditions or other diseases that could influence hemagglutination; (2) patients not on regular dialysis for at least three months; (3) patients who did not provide informed consent or complete the Paruda scoring form.

Thrombosis: (1) blood samples collected more than 24 hours after the thrombotic event; (2) blood samples taken while patients were using small-molecule heparin or other medications that could alter blood coagulation status