Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) is a health science that addresses treatment to somatic dysfunction among other conditions. High-Velocity Low-Amplitude (HVLA) manipulation is a known technique, defined as a quick and short force applied to a segment with movement restriction.
Somatic Dysfunction (SD) is the impaired or altered function of the components of the somatic system: skeletal, articular and myofascial elements with their vascular, lymphatic and neural related structures. The palpatory diagnosis of the SD is based on the presence of any of the 4 TART (Tenderness, Asymmetry, Range of motion and Tissue texture change) criteria, taking into account the information provided about pain and discomfort.
There is no evidence to support the use of the term 'somatic dysfunction' and moreover, the diagnosis is based on palpatory skills. Therefore, the investigators chose the term Restriction of Movement (RM) to describe the subjectivity of the palpatory examination.
HVLA manipulation produces neurophysiological and mechanic effects. The mechanical effects described in the literature are: meniscoids release, intervertebral disc material and segmental adhesions. The neurophysiological effects occur through the stimulation of mechanoreceptors and nociceptors located in the paravertebral tissues, including the skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, zygapophyseal joints and intervertebral discs. This changes the influx of sensory information into the Central Nervous System (CNS), and this effect can be measured by the H-reflex (reflex analogous to the spinal stretch reflex). Thus, this is a valuable tool in the assessment of α-motor neuron excitability.
Studies show a transient attenuation of α-motor neuron excitability after HVLA manipulation in asymptomatic participants. According to studies, HVLA spinal manipulation increases joint mobility by blocking afferent impulses in the muscle spindle and the small-diameter free nerve, decreasing the γ-motor neuron activity.
Most of the studies analyzed recruited healthy participants, and have found transient attenuation of α-motor neuron activity; but one study found that the manipulation does not affect the H-reflex in healthy participants. These authors attributed the findings to the change of position between intervention and assessment. In addition, the intervention was addressed to sacroiliac joint instead of the L5-S1 segment, as performed in other previous studies.
Another study assessed the effects of manipulation without changing participants' position, but unlike the study of Suter et al., the intervention was addressed to the lumbosacral joint (L5-S1) and they concluded that changing body position does not affect the H-reflex attenuation.
Therefore, the studies show divergent results for HVLA manipulation and H-reflex response, and to better understand the research problem, the investigators conducted a previous study in 20 healthy participants to assess the effects of HVLA manipulation on H-reflex and they found a transient H-reflex attenuation only in six participants.
These findings could have been affected by the presence of RM at the level L5-S1 and also by the presence of dysfunction of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), which is processed at medullar level and runs along neural pathways, similar to somatic afferent and efferent information.
To quantify ANS activity, one could use Nerve-Express - a device to assess heart rate variability based on RR (rate-rate) intervals. This method is used because of the major role the ANS plays on the cardiovascular system. Studies have shown the effects of cervical and lumbar HVLA manipulation on heart rate variability and on balancing the ANS.
