Granulocyte-macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor, Interferon and Interleukin-2 as Adjuvant Treatment for Renal Cancer

Patients with high-risk RCC have a dismal prognosis. To date, no effective adjuvant therapy exists for this patients category. We suggest that combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon alpha (IFN) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) stimulate immune system from dendritic cells till cytotoxic T-lymphocytes step by step and eliminate residuary tumor cells.

This prospective, non-randomized, phase II trial assessed low-dose GM-CSF, IFN and IL-2 postoperatively in patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma.

Inclusion criteria

• completely resected advanced high-risk RCC
• T3b-c, T4, or N1-2, or M1 disease resected to no evidence of disease (AJCC-TNM, 2002) Patients must have recovered from any effects of surgery, which must have been - excellent performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1);
• adequate organ function defined as WBC count 4,000/µL, platelet count 100,000/µL, hemoglobin 10 g/dL, serum creatinine 1.5 mg/dL or creatinine clearance 60 mL/min, and direct bilirubin 1.5 mg/dL; and forced expiratory volume at 1 second more than 2.0 L or 75% of predicted for height and age from pre-enrollment pulmonary function testing
• age 18 years and older

Exclusion criteria

• history or evidence of cardiac disease on ECG or autoimmunity
• prior systemic treatment for RCC
• history of invasive malignancy in the past 5 years or human immunodeficiency virus positivity
• positive pregnancy test