Gingival Crevicular Fluid Cytokine Levels in Response to Orthodontic Forces

Patient selection:

Fifteen orthodontic patients with class II division I malocclusion, who required the extractions of maxillary first premolars bilaterally, distal canine movement, and maximum anchorage control as a part of fixed orthodontic treatment plan were invited to participate in the study. All subjects were in good general health with clinically and radiological healthy periodontal tissues (the probing depths ≤3 mm, full-mouth plaque and bleeding score ≤15%, and no bone loss radiographically). Patients were excluded if they were smokers, had had previous orthodontic treatment, had taken a course of anti-inflammatory drugs within 1 month and antimicrobial agents in the previous 3 months prior to the start of the study.

Experimental Design:

The first premolars were extracted at least 20 days prior to the distalization of the canines. Ten days prior to the application of orthodontic force all subjects underwent full-mouth scaling and oral hygiene instructions to ensure optimal plaque control and oral hygiene instruction was reinforced throughout the whole study period. In each patient, two mini-screw implants (1.5 mm in diameter and 8.0 mm in length) were placed bilaterally into the inter-radicular bone between the maxillary second premolar and first molar in the attached gingiva.The upper right and left canines of the same patient were randomly distalized using a continuous force of 75 or 150 g with nickel-titanium closed coil springs. Simple randomization by flipping a coin was used to determine the assignment of each site for two different forces.

GCF sampling:

GCF was sampled from the mesial (tension) and distal (pressure) sides of maxillary right and left canines immediately before appliance placement (baseline) and after force application at 24 hours and 28 days without any reactivation of the coil spring. Baseline measurements of maxillary canines served as a control.

Clinical Periodontal Measurements:

Periodontal clinical parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment loss, gingival index and plaque index were recorded at mesial and distal sites of distally moved canines at baseline and 24 hours and 28 days after force application. All clinical periodontal examinations were performed by a single calibrated periodontist who blinded to the groups using a manual periodontal probe.

Multiplex assay& Quantification of inflammatory mediators:

A commercially available multiplex panel including thirty proteins was used to evaluate GCF content on the Luminex®200 platform.

Determination of the amount of tooth movement:

The distance of maxillary canine movement was measured from the cusp tip of a distally moved canine to the buccal groove of the first permanent molar by using a digital caliper with a sensitivity of ±0.01 mm.

Statistical Analysis:

The data was analysed using a statistical software package. The effect of force, side and time on the analyte levels were analyzed with Brunner-Langer method.

Inclusion criteria

• Systemically healthy
• Non-smoker
• Orthodontic patients with class II division I malocclusion

Exclusion criteria

• Orthodontic treatment history
• Use of anti-inflammatory drugs within one month
• Use of antibiotics within last three months