Gestational Metabolic Abnormalities and Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Health

The current investigation is a prospective study conducted within ongoing cohort studies of women and their offspring. Pregnant women attending outpatient obstetrics clinics in Toronto, Canada are recruited. The overall study protocol includes four study visits between the second half of pregnancy and the first year of infant's life and interim phone call interviews:

• Pregnant women undergo an oral glucose tolerance test at an expected average of 30 weeks of gestation and complete medical and lifestyle questionnaires including food frequency questionnaires.
• Infant birth anthropometry measurements and human milk samples are collected at an expected average of 3 days postpartum. The timing of onset of lactogenesis II is asked at 3d, 5d, 7d postpartum or until the event occurrence up to day 7.
• At 3 months postpartum, follow-up assessments including infant anthropometry, medical and lifestyle questionnaires and human milk sample collection are completed.
• Interim telephone interviews are conducted at 6 weeks and 5, 7, 9 months postpartum to characterize infant feeding and supplementation behaviors.
• At 12 months postpartum, infant anthropometric assessments are conducted.

Inclusion criteria

• singleton or twin pregnancy
• aged 20 years or older at the time of recruitment
• intention to breastfeed

Exclusion criteria

• pre-existing diabetes