Gender Differences in Robotic Surgery for Rectal Cancer: a Retrospective Study

Objective: To investigate gender-based differences in outcomes following robotic surgery for rectal cancer.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 155 patients (82 males, 73 females) who underwent robotic surgery for rectal cancer. Demographic, pre-operative, operative, and post-operative data were collected and analyzed.

Pre-operative study:

All patients underwent a standardized pre-operative work-up, which included a physical examination, comprehensive colonoscopy with biopsy, rigid rectoscopy, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, computed tomography (CT) of the thorax and abdomen, and measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. Tumor staging followed the TNM staging criteria (American Joint Committee on Cancer), with the T and N stages determined by the most advanced findings from any imaging modality

Data collected:

Retrospective evaluation and comparison of demographic characteristics, pre-operative TNM stage, distance from anal verge, tumor size, tumor grade, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, and body mass index (BMI) were conducted among both patient groups. Peri-operative and post-operative data, including morbidity and mortality, were assessed, alongside parameters such as distal resection margin (DRM), proximal resection margin (PRM), harvested lymph nodes (HLN), and Clavien-Dindo Classification (CDC) scores. Diagnosis of anastomotic leakage was confirmed by clinical suspicion (e.g., changes in drainage, fever, abdominal pain) and further validated through contrast enema observed during follow-up computed tomography (CT). Hospital stay and readmission rates were monitored for up to 90 days post-surgery.

Post-operative follow-up:

Post-operative outcomes encompassed operative duration, estimated blood loss, time to first flatus passage, duration of liquid diet, and length of hospital stay following surgery. Operative duration comprised the time from initial skin incision to closure, including the time needed for robotic surgery docking and undocking. Upon experiencing initial flatulence, patients transitioned to a liquid diet. Hospital stay duration was measured from the time of surgery to discharge. The overall cost of surgery, including surgical procedures, anesthesia, medications, and post-operative care, was considered in the total expenditure analysis.