Galantamine Effects on Cognitive Function in Abstinent Cocaine Users

Rapid Visual Processing test (RVIP) is a measure of sustained attention with a small working memory component that is sensitive to cholinergic enhancers. In the RVIP, subjects must detect either odd or even 3 digit sequences appearing in a box in a pseudo-random order at 100 digits per minute. Reaction time (RT) to correct answers was measured.

Rapid Visual Processing test (RVIP) is a measure of sustained attention with a small working memory component that is sensitive to cholinergic enhancers. In the RVIP, subjects must detect either odd or even 3 digit sequences appearing in a box in a pseudo-random order at 100 digits per minute. The total hits were measured

Rapid Visual Processing test (RVIP) is a measure of sustained attention with a small working memory component that is sensitive to cholinergic enhancers. In the RVIP, subjects must detect either odd or even 3 digit sequences appearing in a box in a pseudo-random order at 100 digits per minute. The number of correct rejections was measured.

Rapid Visual Processing test (RVIP) is a measure of sustained attention with a small working memory component that is sensitive to cholinergic enhancers. In the RVIP, subjects must detect either odd or even 3 digit sequences appearing in a box in a pseudo-random order at 100 digits per minute. A' is a measure of sensitivity to target sequences and it reflects probabilities of hits and false alarms to provide a score of sensitivity to the target regardless of response tendency. The scores range from 0 (bad) to 1 (good).

Rapid Visual Processing test (RVIP) is a measure of sustained attention with a small working memory component that is sensitive to cholinergic enhancers. In the RVIP, subjects must detect either odd or even 3 digit sequences appearing in a box in a pseudo-random order at 100 digits per minute. B reflects the probability of hits and false alarms to provide a measure of the participants tendency to respond regardless of whether the target sequence is presented. The scores range from -1 to +1 with scores near +1 indicative of a subject that gave few false alarms.

Rapid Visual Processing test (RVIP) is a measure of sustained attention with a small working memory component that is sensitive to cholinergic enhancers. In the Paired Associate Learning (PAL) task, boxes are displayed on the screen and are opened in a random order. One or more of the boxes will contain a pattern. After the subjects have seen the patterns behind each box, the patterns are then displayed in the middle of the screen, one at a time, and the subject must touch the box where the pattern was originally located. An error will cause the test to open the boxes again to remind the subject of their locations. The number of boxes with patterns increases throughout the test. The stages completed and number of errors are measures of interest.

Rapid Visual Processing test (RVIP) is a measure of sustained attention with a small working memory component that is sensitive to cholinergic enhancers. In the Paired Associate Learning (PAL) task, boxes are displayed on the screen and are opened in a random order. One or more of the boxes will contain a pattern. After the subjects have seen the patterns behind each box, the patterns are then displayed in the middle of the screen, one at a time, and the subject must touch the box where the pattern was originally located. An error will cause the test to open the boxes again to remind the subject of their locations. The number of boxes with patterns increases throughout the test. The stages completed and number of errors are measures of interest.

In the PRM, the subject is presented with a series of 12 visual patterns, one at a time, in the center of the screen. These patterns are designed so that they cannot easily be given verbal labels. In the recognition phase, the subject is required to choose between a pattern they have already seen and a novel pattern. The time to correct answer was measured.

Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) tests visual pattern recognition memory in a two choice forced discrimination paradigm. 12 visual patterns are presented, then the subject must choose between each of these patterns and a novel pattern. The number of correct responses are measured.

The SART is a Go / NoGo task measuring the ability to activate or inhibit responses. In this 4.5 minute task, 225 single digits (25 × 9 digits) were presented on a computer monitor. Each digit was presented for 250 ms, and was immediately followed by a mask for 900 ms. The mask consists of a ring with a diagonal cross in the center. Subjects were instructed to press a spacebar to every digit except the 3, and to give equal importance to speed and accuracy. Responses were allowed during the presentation of both the digit and mask. The digits were presented in a different random order for each subject. There were 18 practice trials, containing 2 no-response targets (3s). For the Go/NoGo task, response inhibition was measured as the number of errors on the no- Go trials, with low errors indicating better response inhibition.

Complete data for 3 subjects in the Placebo group, and for 1 subject in the galantamine group were not capture do to experimenter and computer errors.

The SART is a Go / NoGo task measuring the ability to activate or inhibit responses. In this 4.5 minute task, 225 single digits (25 × 9 digits) were presented on a computer monitor. Each digit was presented for 250 ms, and was immediately followed by a mask for 900 ms. The mask consists of a ring with a diagonal cross in the center. Subjects were instructed to press a spacebar to every digit except the 3, and to give equal importance to speed and accuracy. Responses were allowed during the presentation of both the digit and mask. The digits were presented in a different random order for each subject. There were 18 practice trials, containing 2 no-response targets (3s). The number of errors on Go trials reflected the response activation function, with fewer errors indicating greater response activation.

Complete data for 3 subjects in the Placebo group, and for 1 subject in the galantamine group were not capture do to experimenter and computer errors.

The SART is a Go / NoGo task measuring the ability to activate or inhibit responses. In this 4.5 minute task, 225 single digits (25 × 9 digits) were presented on a computer monitor. Each digit was presented for 250 ms, and was immediately followed by a mask for 900 ms. The mask consists of a ring with a diagonal cross in the center. Subjects were instructed to press a spacebar to every digit except the 3, and to give equal importance to speed and accuracy. Responses were allowed during the presentation of both the digit and mask. The digits were presented in a different random order for each subject. There were 18 practice trials, containing 2 no-response targets (3s).

For the Go trial, the reaction time reflected the response activation function, faster reaction time indicating greater response activation.

Complete data for 3 subjects in the Placebo group, and for 1 subject in the galantamine group were not capture do to experimenter and computer errors.

The Cocaine-Stroop task measures attention capture (attentional bias) secondary to cocaine cues; (Stroop effect - calculated as the difference between mean RT on cocaine words and mean RT on control words). Subjects completed 2 counterbalanced blocks (150 trials per block). One block contained 15 cocaine words and neutral words in a mixed order. The other block contained 15 control words matched in length and frequency to cocaine words, and a different set of neutral words. Subjects were required to indicate the colors in which the words were written as quickly and accurately as possible. Reaction times for identification of word color was measured. In addition, the difference in RT to words following cocaine and control words were measured (carry-over effect). Complete data for 3 participants (2 placebo and 1 galantamine) were not capture due to experimenter and computer errors.

The Cocaine-Stroop task measures attention capture (attentional bias) secondary to cocaine cues; (Stroop effect - calculated as the difference between mean RT on cocaine words and mean RT on control words). Subjects completed 2 counterbalanced blocks (150 trials per block). One block contained 15 cocaine words and neutral words in a mixed order. The other block contained 15 control words matched in length and frequency to cocaine words, and a different set of neutral words. Subjects were required to indicate the colors in which the words were written as quickly and accurately as possible. Reaction times for identification of word color was measured. In addition, the difference in RT to words following cocaine and control words were measured (carry-over effect). Complete data for 3 participants (2 placebo and 1 galantamine) were not capture due to experimenter and computer errors.

The Cocaine-Stroop task measures attention capture (attentional bias) secondary to cocaine cues; (Stroop effect - calculated as the difference between mean RT on cocaine words and mean RT on control words). Subjects completed 2 counterbalanced blocks (150 trials per block). One block contained 15 cocaine words and neutral words in a mixed order. The other block contained 15 control words matched in length and frequency to cocaine words, and a different set of neutral words. Subjects were required to indicate the colors in which the words were written as quickly and accurately as possible. Reaction times for identification of word color was measured. In addition, the difference in RT to words following cocaine and control words were measured (carry-over effect). Complete data for 3 participants (2 placebo and 1 galantamine) were not capture due to experimenter and computer errors.