Frequency of Visual Impairment Among School Children and Effectiveness of mHealth Referral Reminder on Uptake of Referral Services

This randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile health (mHealth)-based vision screening and automated multicomponent SMS reminder system in improving referral uptake among schoolchildren in a low-resource setting.

Background:

Childhood visual impairment is common in low- and middle-income countries, but referral uptake after school-based vision screening remains poor. Mobile phone penetration and parents' use of messaging platforms provide an opportunity to use SMS-based interventions to improve follow-up care.

Objectives:

To assess the effectiveness of mHealth-based vision screening and SMS reminders on referral uptake among visually impaired children.

To explore the association of referral uptake with sociodemographic characteristics of children.

Methods:

This was a concurrent, parallel-group, single-blinded randomized controlled trial conducted in two Federal Government schools in Rawalpindi District, Pakistan. Children aged 5-15 years were screened for visual impairment using the validated Peek Acuity mobile application. Eligible children were randomized (school-level allocation, individual-level analysis) into two groups:

Intervention group: Received a printed referral form plus multicomponent SMS reminders (including health messages, visual depiction, practical action plan, and directions to hospital).

Control group: Received only the printed referral form (usual care).

Enrollment began on 21 October 2024 and was completed on 26 October 2024. Follow-up assessments continued for 8 weeks, with the last follow-up completed on 30 December 2024.

Sample size:

A total of 80 participants were enrolled, based on sample size calculations with adjustment for 10% expected dropout. Pilot testing on 8 additional participants (not included in the main analysis) ensured feasibility.

Blinding:

Due to the nature of the intervention, participants and field staff could not be blinded. However, outcome assessment (via weekly telephone follow-up) and data analysis were performed by independent researchers who were blinded to group assignment.

Outcomes:

Primary outcome: Proportion of referred children attending the hospital within 8 weeks.

Secondary outcome: Association of referral uptake with sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, parental education).

Data collection and analysis:

Data were collected using the Peek-powered data collection platform, entered into encrypted devices, and analyzed with SPSS v27. An intention-to-treat approach was followed.

Ethics:

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee, Army Medical College (NUMS). Permission to conduct the trial was provided by the FG Education Institutions Directorate, Rawalpindi. Written informed parental consent and child assent were required prior to participation.

Expected impact:

This trial is the first in Pakistan to evaluate the use of automated SMS reminders for improving referral uptake after school-based vision screening. Results will inform policymakers on how digital health interventions can strengthen child vision health services in resource-limited settings.

Participants will only be enrolled if they meet all eligibility criteria:

• Age 5 to 15 years
• Detected with visual impairment on screening,
• Parent in possession of or have access to smartphone
• Parents have ability to receive, read and understand an SMS

Children may not enter the study if any of the following apply:

• Children with known refractive error (myopia)
• Children with spectacles
• Children with apparent eye diseases (e.g. conjunctivitis, red eye, ocular trauma, trachoma, etc.)
• Plan to travel outside the city in the next two months following enrollment