Fertility Preservation in Male AYA With Cancer

A rapidly growing population of male childhood cancer survivors are at risk for infertility and distress. As the number of male cancer survivors rises, it is essential to minimize treatment late effects. One of the most prevalent and significant complications among males is infertility, which can impair psychosocial development and reduce quality of life. National guidelines emphasize offering fertility preservation (FP) prior to initiation of cancer therapy, and sperm cryopreservation is an established and generally noninvasive FP method for pubertal males. Early research suggested only males receiving high doses of alkylating agents should bank sperm. However, variable sperm counts following equivalent doses of cyclophosphamide and scenarios in which patients have to move quickly from "low risk" treatments (which transiently impair sperm production) to "high risk" treatments, support the premise that all males receiving chemotherapy and/or gonadal radiation should consider FP at diagnosis. Despite studies showing ~50% of male childhood cancer survivors have fertility impairment, reports from many centers show only ~25% of pubertal males bank sperm prior to treatment. As survivors enter their reproductive years, many regret missed opportunities for FP and experience distress about potential infertility. Thus, interventions to improve FP uptake would have great potential for reproductive and psychological benefit.

Individual and family factors associated with sperm banking decisions remain poorly understood. Young age, cost, inadequate knowledge, and urgency to start treatment are common barriers to FP among AYA males with newly diagnosed cancer. As a result, most fertility counseling and FP interventions have targeted healthcare providers and systems or provider-patient interactions. While these are critical factors, less than half of male AYA advised about FP in a recent study actually banked sperm, indicating knowledge is not sufficient.

The purpose of this study is to test a decision tool and accompanying guided discussion as a method of improving decision making regarding FP, compared to a standard of care fertility consult.

Inclusion criteria

• Male
• Aged 12-25 years
• Expected to have adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy and/or gonadal radiation) for newly diagnosed cancer
• Pubertal (at least Tanner stage 2-3, eligible for sperm banking as determined in the fertility consult)
• Proficient in English

Exclusion criteria

• Cognitive deficit that precludes completing measures
• Parents are non-English speaking