Feasibility Study on the Impact of Economic Incentives to Improve the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Economic incentives have been used to promote changes in habits such as smoking and weight loss. However, no studies have been done to determine the impact of this strategy on the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, previous studies do not describe ways to determine the amount of an economic incentive to promote behavioral changes, e.g adherence to treatment, increased physical activity and adherence to a healthy diet. There are also questions regarding the frequency of incentives, the type of incentive (cash or other prizes), and the preferred payment method that this study will allow us to explore. Furthermore, we want to test whether a "team work approach" (mixed incentives) vs. an "individual approach" (individual incentives) can also play a role in introducing behavioral changes.

The goal of the study is to learn about the implementation process of three different interventions that use economic incentives to promote behavioral changes in patients with T2DM, and identify main barriers and facilitators tied to the implementation process of each intervention.

This feasibility study will provide key insights to inform a future larger study; specifically, we will

• Learn about the experience of participants with T2DM with economic incentives.
• Learn about the experience of the companion/team support partners of the participants with T2DM.
• Evaluate the patient's receptiveness to and comprehension of the educational materials used to promote behavioral changes.
• Evaluate the patient and the companion/team support partner's receptiveness towards the received economic incentive as a tool for promoting behavioral changes.
• Explore the companion/team support partner's activities that are most effective in helping with T2DM management of patients.
• Explore whether patients with T2DM are able to keep a daily record of their efforts to manage their diabetes.
• Evaluate the feasibility of packaging and implementing a future clinical trial that evaluates the impact of the use of economic incentives and teamwork in people with T2DM.

From a clinical perspective, we will evaluate the feasibility of reaching the proposed clinical goals in terms of weight loss and HbA1c levels after the intervention period.

Interventions

Diabetes education (all arms). In the introductory meeting, a diabetes educator will explain to the participants all the procedures, including details of the number of sessions, and the participant's received a manual with information about diabetes management with a tailored weight loss plan. Each participant will be offered up to seven follow- up sessions with the diabetes educator, every two weeks, plus a final session, thus totaling up to 9 one-to-one interactions during the trial, provided that the participant attended all of their meetings. Participants will also be provided with a logbook to register their efforts regarding introducing changes in diet and physical activity. The information from this logbook will provide the starting point for conversations with the diabetes educator during the follow-up sessions, every two weeks.

Goal setting (all arms). To determine eligibility for a cash reward, three goals were pre-specified: (1) Weight loss, 80 PEN if the participant loses one kilogram over a period of two weeks, (2) HbA1c level, 200 PEN if the participant achieves, at the end of the study, a decrease in 1% compared to their baseline level, and (3) HbA1c level and control, 400 PEN if the participant achieves, at the end of the study, a decrease ≥1% of A1c or reaches levels of A1c ≤6.5% compared to their baseline level. At the end of the study, targets for weight loss and HbA1c were evaluated independently, i.e. participants could receive more than one reward provided that each independent target was achieved.

Companion/team support (Arm 2 and Arm 3). A companion/team support for each participant also receives information about diabetes care in the initial session and a brochure to guide and support the treatment process of the participant. The activities of the companion/team support member will be recorded, and they will be offered to join the follow- up sessions with the patient, every two weeks, but these will not be compulsory.

Cash rewards. Two types of rewards will be considered. (1) Individual rewards (Arm 1 and Arm 2), the reward will be provided to the participant. If the participant were to have a companion/team support partner, the cash reward was given to the participant and no rules about sharing the reward (or not) with their companion/team support are established. (2) Shared rewards (Arm 3), i.e. the participant and their companion/team support will receive 50% of the cash reward each.

Inclusion criteria

for participants:

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Body mass index 25-39.9 kg/m2, irrespective of HbA1c status
• Able to give consent

Exclusion criteria

for participants:

• Diagnosis of cancer or another serious comorbidity
• Pharmacotherapy for weight loss or corticosteroids
• Pregnant women
• Blindness, amputation, foot ulcer or being on dialysis
• Be companion/team support for another participant in the trial

Inclusion criteria

for the companion/team support:

• Available and committed to supporting the participant in achieving their goals
• Able to provide consent

Exclusion criteria

for the companion/team support:

• Physical or mental condition that does not allow him to help the participant to achieve goals