Faricimab for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial

Current understanding of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) pathophysiology has evolved from a localized retinal disorder to a disease driven primarily by choroidal venous congestion, vascular hyperpermeability, and hemodynamic dysfunction. The current treatment of choice is photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, there is a global shortage of the photosensitive dye (Verteporfin) which is required for PDT. In addition, special laser and angiography equipment are required to deliver PDT, further limiting the access to this treatment.

Persistent subretinal fluid and neovascular complications represent unmet clinical challenges in the management of CSCR and pachychoroid-associated disease. Emerging evidence from genetic studies suggests that the Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) pathway plays a direct role in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and choroidal vascular instability, along with Tie2 receptor. These mechanisms are also believed to contribute to the choroidal congestion and subretinal fluid accumulation seen in CSCR.

The dual inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A and Ang-2 offered by faricimab provides a mechanistic rationale for evaluating its efficacy in eyes with CSCR. To-date, only small observational studies and case series have reported macular fluid reduction following intravitreal faricimab. However, these studies are limited by small sample sizes and the absence of comparator groups, hence the need for more robust clinical evidence.

Specific aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal faricimab in achieving anatomical improvements compared with sham treatment in patients with retinal fluid secondary to CSCR with/ without neovascularization.

Hypothesis: Intravitreal faricimab, through its dual inhibition of VEGF-A and Ang -2, will result in superior drying effect compared with sham treatment.

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥21 years at the time of consent.
• Best corrected visual acuity between 24 and 73 ETDRS letters (approximately Snellen equivalent 20/32 to 20/300) in the study eye.
• Diagnosis of chronic CSCR, defined as the presence of persistent SRF for ≥3 months, with or without secondary MNV.
• Presence of pachychoroid features, including pachyvessels on ultra-widefield imaging in at least one quadrant and SFCT ≥300 µm.
• Presence of intraretinal fluid and/or subretinal fluid involving the fovea, as confirmed by OCT.
• Disease duration criteria:

• CSCR without secondary MNV: persistent subretinal fluid for ≥3 months despite observation, or
• CSCR with secondary MNV: presence of exudative fluid of any duration, with neovascularization confirmed on OCTA.
• Ability and willingness to provide written informed consent.
• Women of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test prior to enrollment and agree to use a reliable form of contraception for the duration of the study.

Exclusion criteria

• Presence of ocular inflammation or primary choroidal disorders.
• Presence of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).
• Any ocular condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, could affect intra- or subretinal fluid or significantly alter visual acuity during the study (e.g., diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, uveitis, neovascular glaucoma).
• Clinically significant cataract likely to reduce visual acuity by more than three ETDRS lines (i.e., worse than approximately 20/40 if the eye were otherwise normal).
• Any intraocular surgery within 3 months prior to enrollment.
• Prior treatment in the study eye with:

• Intravitreal corticosteroids (any time),
• Anti-VEGF therapy within 6 months, or
• Photodynamic therapy (any time).
• History of retinal detachment or surgery for retinal detachment, prior vitrectomy, or presence of a full-thickness macular hole.
• Evidence of vitreomacular traction that may preclude resolution of macular edema.
• Extensive intra- or subretinal hemorrhage exceeding 4 disc areas.
• Aphakia in the study eye.
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding.
• Any medical, psychiatric, or systemic condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would make study participation unsafe or interfere with study assessments.