Fall Prevention Among People With Spinal Cord Injury and Multiple Sclerosis Who Use Wheelchairs and Scooters

Primary outcomes

1. Functional Assessment of Currently Employed Technology Scale

   Time frame: Baseline

   Assesses how individuals with disabilities utilize currently available and assistive technologies in their everyday lives across five functional domains (Home, Social, E-commerce, Health Care, Technical).

   Subscale (Domain)

   Scoring:

   Each domain's subtotal ranges from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate more frequent use of technology.

   Interpretation categories:

   0-2: Very Infrequent IT Use; 3-4: Infrequent IT Use; 5-6: Moderate IT Use; 7-8: Frequent IT Use; 9-10: Very Frequent IT Use

   Total FACETS Score:

   Ranges from 0 to 50 (sum of the five domain subtotals). Higher total scores = greater overall frequency of technology use.

   Interpretation categories:

   0-14: Very Infrequent IT Use; 15-24: Infrequent IT Use; 25-34: Moderate IT Use; 35-44: Frequent IT Use; 45-50: Very Frequent IT Use

2. Fall Concerns Scale for Wheelchair and Scooter Users

   Time frame: Baseline, Post-Intervention (Week 6 and Week 14)

   Measures fear of falling and fall-related self-efficacy in individuals who use wheelchairs or scooters. The Fall Concerns Scale for Wheelchair and Scooter Users consists of 16 items, each rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = "not at all concerned" to 4 = "very concerned"). The total score ranges from 16 to 64, with higher scores indicating greater fear of falling and lower fall-related self-efficacy.

3. Falls Prevention Strategies Survey

   Time frame: Baseline, Post-Intervention (Week 6 and Week 14)

   Captures the frequency and types of fall prevention behaviors or strategies participants use in their daily lives.

4. The Fall Management Scale

   Time frame: Baseline, Post-Intervention (Week 6 and Week 14)

   Assesses participant confidence and preparedness in managing fall-related scenarios (e.g., recovery techniques, communication, and safety). Total scores range from 0 to 64. Higher scores indicate greater use of fall management strategies (better outcome).

5. Fall Prevention and Management Questionnaire

   Time frame: Baseline, Post-Intervention (Week 6 and Week 14)

   A multi-dimensional tool that evaluates participants' knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes toward fall prevention and recovery.

6. Community Participation Indicators Questionnaire

   Time frame: Baseline, Post-Intervention (Week 6 and Week 14)

   A self-report 48-item objective that measures two distinct subsets:

   • Importance and meaning, and 2) Control over participation. This questionnaire assesses levels of community engagement, social interaction, and participation in everyday activities outside the home. Items are typically rated on a Likert scale and aggregated to produce subscale scores and a total participation score.

   Higher scores indicate greater community participation.

   Scores range between 0 and 1, where:

   0 = no meaningful participation.

   1 = full participation in all important activities

7. Transfer Assessment Instrument Questionnaire

   Time frame: Baseline, Post-Intervention (Week 6 and Week 14)

   Measures participants' safety, technique, and confidence when transferring between surfaces (e.g., wheelchair to bed).

8. Wheelchair Skills Test - Questionnaire

   Time frame: Baseline, Post-Intervention (Week 6 and Week 14)

   Self-reported version of the Wheelchair Skills Test assessing wheelchair handling and maneuvering capabilities.

9. System Usability Scale

   Time frame: Post-Intervention (Week 6)

   Evaluates participants' perceived usability of the iROLL-O+ mobile app - only for the intervention group.

   The SUS consists of 10 items, each scored on a 5-point Likert scale (0-4). The total raw score is converted to a 0-100 scale.

   Higher scores indicate better usability. A score of 68 is considered average usability; scores above 68 reflect above-average usability, while scores below 68 reflect below-average usability.

10. Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Ease of Use Questionnaire

    Time frame: Post-Intervention (Week 6)

    Assesses perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and ease of use of a mobile app. - only for the intervention group

11. Mobile App Rating Scale

    Time frame: Post-Intervention (Week 6)

    Evaluates mobile app quality, including engagement, functionality, aesthetics, and information content. - Only for the intervention group.

    The uMARS contains 20 items across four objective quality subscales (Engagement, Functionality, Aesthetics, Information).

    Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1-5). Subscale scores are averaged, and a total quality mean score can also be calculated.

    Higher scores indicate higher app quality.