Factors Affecting Treatment Expectations in Chronic Neck Pain

Developed by Shedden-Mora et al. (2023) (15), it is a psychological assessment tool used to measure patients' expectations about treatment before starting a treatment process. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the questionnaire was conducted by Çakır et al. (2024) (24). Validity Measurements The main items of the questionnaire, which consists of 15 main items and 6 additional questions, are structured as a scale in which the patient marks his/her expectation between 0 and 10. The questionnaire consists of treatment benefit (items 1-3), positive effect (items 4-6), negative events (items 7-9), negative effect (items 10-11), process (items 12-13) and behaviour control (items 14-15) subscales.

It was developed by Edwards et al. (1992) to evaluate beliefs about the cause and treatment of pain (25). The Turkish validity and reliability study of the questionnaire was conducted by Berk (2006). The scale has a total of 12 items and consists of two test domains: 8-item Organic Beliefs and 4-item Psychological Beliefs. Participants are asked to tick the most appropriate one for themselves from 6 options ranging from 1. 'never' to 6. 'always'. Each item is given a score between 1 and 6, and the score of each subtest is calculated by averaging the scores of the items belonging to that subtest. There is no cut-off point for the scale and high scores indicate high pain beliefs and low scores indicate low pain beliefs. The highest score for organic and psychological beliefs is 6 and the lowest score is 1.

It is a questionnaire developed by Michael K. Nicholas (1989), consisting of 10 items, easy to understand, can be applied without taking time, evaluates the role of pain in establishing social relationships, doing hobbies or housework, and questions the use of analgesics in coping with pain. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the questionnaire was conducted by Doğan (2019). Individuals with chronic pain are asked to score how safely they can perform the defined activities despite their pain. Scoring is done on a 7-point Likert scale, where 0 = 'completely unsafe' and 6 = 'completely safe'. By summing the scores of 10 items, a high score indicates a strong self-efficacy belief according to the total score between 0 and 60.

It was developed by Zigmond and Snaith (1983) to determine the risk of anxiety and depression and to measure the level and change in severity. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by Aydemir et al. (1997) (30). It consists of 14 items, 7 of which investigate symptoms of depression and 7 of which investigate symptoms of anxiety. Odd numbers measure anxiety and even numbers measure depression. Responses are evaluated in a 4-point Likert scale and scored between 0-3. Patients score between 0 and 21 on both subscales. The cut-off points of the Turkish form of the HADÖ were determined as 10 for the anxiety subscale and 7 for the depression subscale. Scores above these values are considered as risk for depression and anxiety.

It is a scale developed by Price et al. (1983) to measure the severity of pain in individuals. The scale consists of a 10 cm horizontally positioned line on the page. The number '0', which is the starting point on this line, represents that the patient does not feel any pain, and the number '10' represents the worst pain experienced by the patient within his/her own experience. The patient is asked to mark anywhere on this straight line between 0 and 10 to indicate the pain he/she had at the time the test was administered. Then, with the help of a ruler, the distance of the point marked by the patient to the starting point, the number 0, is measured in cm and the intensity of the pain is determined.