Facilitation to Increase Tobacco Treatment

Tobacco smoking and its health consequences disproportionally impact Veterans. Veterans with serious mental illness (SMI Veterans; schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar spectrum, and other psychotic disorders) have among the highest rates of smoking in VA and die 10-15 years earlier than those without SMI, largely due to smoking-related conditions. Seven FDA-approved tobacco medications are available in VA that are low-cost, safe, and effective for SMI Veterans when combined with brief behavioral counseling: nicotine replacement therapies (lozenge, gum, patch, nasal spray), bupropion, and varenicline. Nearly 70% of SMI Veterans who smoke want to quit, but they are 26% less likely to be prescribed tobacco medication (10.9% vs. 14.3% prescription rate) and also less likely to be advised to quit by physicians. SMI providers face numerous barriers to treating smoking. Implementation activities like external facilitation can address these barriers by coordinating other evidence-based implementation activities, such as academic detailing and auditing with feedback, that are tailored to local needs and show promise for improving tobacco treatment delivery in VA mental health clinics. Despite the availability of tobacco treatment in VA, smoking-related conditions remain the leading cause of death for SMI Veterans and account for nearly 8% of VA health care expenditures: $2.7 billion annually. Using external facilitation and other implementation strategies can help integrate tobacco treatment into routine mental health care and, in turn, reduce a critical health disparity between veterans with and without SMI and maximize the VA's use of existing resources. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of this multi-component implementation strategy designed to improve tobacco treatment delivery in VAMHCS SMI clinics.

Inclusion criteria

Providers:

• VA Maryland Health Care System patient care providers serving Veterans in Critical Time Intervention, Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Recovery Center, Mental Health Integrative Case Management, or outpatient psychiatry clinics

Veterans receiving direct letters:

• Had an appointment in VA Maryland Health Care System, Critical Time Intervention, Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Recovery Center, Mental Health Integrative Case Management, or outpatient psychiatry clinics in the last 30 days
• Diagnosed with a serious mental illness
• Positive tobacco use screen
• Appointment scheduled with an outpatient psychiatric prescriber in the next 30 days

• Of note, study staff are not directly recruiting Veterans for this implementation intervention component

Veteran chart review:

• All Veterans actively enrolled in VAMHCS medical facilities with at least one encounter during a given period with available smoking health factor data

• Of note, study staff are not directly recruiting veterans for this data analysis

Exclusion criteria

Providers:

• None

Veterans receiving direct letters:

• Active prescription for bupropion, varenicline, or any nicotine replacement therapy