Expanding Rapid Ascertainment Networks of Schizophrenia Families in Taiwan

Over the past four decades, researchers have become increasingly certain that schizophrenia has a complex, multifactorial etiology. Although many twin studies confirm that genes play a substantial role in the etiology of this disabling disorder,5 genome-wide linkage analysis of schizophrenia have produced conflicting results. While many of these studies have identified chromosomal regions showing some evidence for linkage to schizophrenia, no finding has been consistently replicated. Given the high heritability of schizophrenia,5 the failure of linkage methods to find susceptibility genes suggests that these genes each have very small, incremental effects on the expression of the disorder. Risch and Merikangas6 showed that for genes of small effect, the power of linkage studies will be low but the power of association studies will be high. Although meta-analysis of candidate gene association studies have implicated some genes, these findings (even if confirmed by larger studies) would only account for a small fraction of schizophrenia's heritability. These considerations suggest that a genome-wide association scan would be an effective method for finding schizophrenia susceptibility genes. To that end, the investigators have designed a multi-stage analytic plan which involves rapid continued ascertainment of probands and family members from an established clinical ascertainment network in Taiwan, performing a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) on this large sample of affected nuclear families, and pooling the novel GWAS results from this project with those from existing case-control GWAS studies of schizophrenia. To accomplish these objectives, the investigators propose a series of specific aims, as follows:

• Supplement our previously collected sample of 1,200 Han Chinese schizophrenia-affected nuclear families from Taiwan by rapidly screening and collecting an additional 3,800 trios from eleven ascertainment sites in Taiwan;
• Assess the association of schizophrenia with a genome-wide panel of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their constituent haplotypes;
• Perform a genome-wide survey for copy-number variations related to schizophrenia;
• Test for gene-gene interactions and epistasis;
• Test for gene-environment interactions, such as the well-established effect of season of birth;
• Analyze quantitative schizophrenia phenotypes, such as age at onset; and
• Enhance the NIMH Genetics Initiative collections by sending all clinical data, biomaterials, and genotypes to the appropriate repositories, and completing a meta-analysis of our family-based GWAS data and those from existing case-control GWASs of schizophrenia in the repository;

The above aims achieve the goals of the RFA in several ways. First, the proposed work would markedly enrich the existing resources of the NIMH Human Genetics Initiative, especially the current pool of schizophrenia-affected nuclear families. Not only would the data and biomaterials from this project enrich the NIMH repositories, the study has been designed to be readily combinable with those already in the repositories to boost the power available for detecting genes with small effects on risk. Further, the proposed project would apply the latest genomic research methods to further our understanding of the molecular etiology of the disorder. Lastly, by capitalizing on an existing clinical infrastructure and an efficient screening and assessment protocol, the investigators will obtain a well-powered sample in a very rapid and cost-effective manner.

Inclusion criteria

• Schizophrenia
• Trio families (a proband's parents should be recruited)

Exclusion criteria

• One or both parents of a proband was not alive
• with mental retardation
• with epilepsy
• with alcohol or substance abuse
• with other organic brain syndromes