Exercise Training, Cognition, and Mobility in Older Adults With Multiple Sclerosis

Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS); the total test scores range between 0 (min) and 236 (max), higher scores indicate better cognitive function.

National Institute of Health Toolbox (NIH toolbox) with customized cognitive test battery; the scores range between 0 (min) and 186 (max), higher scores indicate better cognitive function.

Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB); the performance scores range between 0 (min) and 12 (max) points, higher scores reflect better physical function.

30-Second Sit to Stand Test (30STS). The score is the number of complete repetitions of sit-to-stand movements performed during 30 seconds; the minimum value is 0 repetitions, and the maximum value depends on individuals' performance. Higher scores reflect better lower extremity function.

Timed Up and Go Test (TUG); the score is the average time (in seconds) for completing two trials. The minimum and maximum scores depend on individuals' performance; shorter time (lower scores) reflects better functional mobility.

Six-Minute Walk Test (6MW); the score is the total walking distance (in meters) during the 6 minutes. The minimum value is 0 meter, and the maximum value depends on individuals' performance. A longer distance (higher scores) indicates better walking endurance.

Timed 25-foot Walking Test (T25FW); the score is the average speed (25 feet divided by time, ft/s) for completing two trials. The minimum and maximum scores (time) depend on individuals' performance. A faster speed represents better ambulatory performance.

Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) will be measured by a waist-worn accelerometer (ActiGraph model GT3X+); a longer time (in seconds) reflects a higher level of physical activity.

Daily step count will be measured by a waist-worn accelerometer (ActiGraph model GT3X+); a greater number of steps per day reflects a higher level of physical activity.

Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ); scores range between 0 (min) and 119 (max), higher scores indicate greater engagement in exercise behavior.

Central blood pressure will be measured by waveform analysis using the SphygmoCor XCEL System. A higher value (in millimeters of mercury, or mmHg) indicate higher blood pressure.

Augmentation index is a biomarker for arterial stiffness and will be measured using the SphygmoCor XCEL System. A higher value (percentage) indicates greater arterial stiffness.

Carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) is a biomarker for arterial stiffness and will be measured using the SphygmoCor XCEL System. A higher value (meters/second) indicates greater arterial stiffness.

Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS); scores range between 1 (min) and 7 (max), higher scores reflect greater fatigue severity.

Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS); scores range between 0 (min) and 84 (max), higher scores reflect a greater impact of fatigue on daily life.

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); scores range between 0 (min) and 21 (max), higher scores reflect greater frequency of anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); scores range between 0 (min) and 21 (max), higher scores reflect greater frequency of anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ); scores range between 0 (min) and 45 (max), higher scores reflect higher level of pain.

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); scores range between 0 (min) and 21 (max), higher scores indicate worse sleep quality.

Short Form Health Status Survey (SF-36); scores range between 0 (min) and 100 (max), higher scores indicate better physical and mental aspects of quality of life.

Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29); scores range between 0 (min) and 100 (max), higher scores indicate greater impact of disease on daily function (i.e. worse outcomes).