Exercise, IMA and Sulfhydryl Biomarkers in Young Women

Regular physical activity is widely recognized as a key determinant of human health, conferring benefits across cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine, and immune systems. Beyond traditional outcomes, habitual exercise plays a pivotal role in regulating oxidative stress and maintaining redox homeostasis. However, few studies have concurrently investigated ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), a marker of oxidative protein modification, and total sulfhydryl groups (-SH), a marker of thiol-dependent antioxidant defense, particularly in young women. The present study was therefore designed to provide novel insights into exercise-induced redox adaptations in this underrepresented population.

This investigation employed an observational, cross-sectional design conducted in accordance with the STROBE guidelines for reporting observational research. Ethical approval was granted by the Muş Alparslan University Scientific Research Ethics Committee (Approval No: 27750; 01 November 2021), and all procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.

A total of 30 healthy women aged 18-25 years were recruited. Participants were categorized into two groups:

Exercise group (n = 15): Women who had been consistently engaged in structured training for at least 12 months, with a minimum frequency of three sessions per week. Training programs were multimodal and typically included aerobic exercise (e.g., running, cycling, swimming at 60-75% HRmax for 20-30 minutes), resistance training (3 sets of 8-12 repetitions at moderate-to-high intensity, targeting major muscle groups), and flexibility exercises incorporated during warm-up and cool-down phases. Training sessions were supervised by qualified instructors in university or private facilities to ensure adherence to safety standards.

Control group (n = 15): Women without a history of structured exercise, whose activity levels were limited to daily living tasks and compulsory school-based physical education.

Exclusion criteria

included chronic cardiovascular, metabolic, or endocrine disorders; smoking or alcohol use; recent use of medications or supplements known to influence oxidative stress; and irregular or intermittent exercise participation. Baseline health screening confirmed all participants were free from chronic illness and suitable for inclusion.

Venous blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein between 07:00 and 09:00 a.m. following an overnight fast of at least 10 hours. Participants refrained from strenuous physical activity, alcohol, and caffeine for 24 hours prior to sampling. Serum was separated by centrifugation and stored at -80 °C until analysis.

Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA): Determined using the albumin-cobalt binding assay (Bar-Or method). Absorbance was measured at 470 nm, expressed in absorbance units (ABSU).

Total sulfhydryl groups (-SH): Measured using the Ellman method, based on the reduction of DTNB and expressed as μmol/L.

All analyses were conducted in duplicate, with strict internal quality control procedures, including calibration curves and reagent blanks. A single trained biochemist blinded to group allocation performed all assays to minimize analytical bias.

Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and group comparisons were made using independent samples t-tests. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess the magnitude of differences.

Inclusion criteria

• Healthy women aged 18-25 years
• For exercise group: Regular structured training ≥3 sessions per week for at least 12 months
• For control group: No structured exercise background, only daily living activity

Exclusion criteria

• History of chronic cardiovascular, metabolic, or endocrine disorders
• Smoking or alcohol abuse
• Current or recent use (past 6 months) of medications or supplements influencing oxidative stress or hormonal regulation
• Irregular or intermittent exercise participation not meeting the defined threshold