Exercise and Cardiovascular Control During Upright Tilt in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

• PURPOSE: Older adults with diabetes faint frequently, due to an impairment in the cardiovascular control mechanisms (arterial baroreceptor function, autonomic nervous system function and cerebral autoregulation) that prevent syncope. The purpose of this study is to examine the ability of different intensities of aerobic exercise to reverse these impairments.
• HYPOTHESES: a) Aerobic or strength training will improve the compensatory cardiovascular responses that prevent syncope in older adults with Type 2 diabetes. Aerobic training will:

• increase arterial baroreflex sensitivity
• increase heart rate variability (marker of autonomic nervous system function)
• decrease cerebrovascular resistance
• improve cerebral autoregulation during upright tilt. b) There will be relationship between the improvement in compensatory cardiovascular responses and aerobic or strength training.

c) The majority of the benefits of aerobic or strength exercise on the above parameters will with which training, allowing for the design of more practicable training prescriptions than that used in a research setting.

Inclusion criteria

• Type 2 diabetes for at least 5 years treated with diet alone or oral agents Nonsmoker for at least 5 years Subjects must be sedentary BMI between 24 and 35 All subjects will have a fasting glucose of <12 mM and a hemoglobin A1c < 8.5% All subjects must have developed hypertension CDA guidelines (systolic greater than 130 or diastolic greater than 80)

Exclusion criteria

• Abnormalities on complete blood count, electrolytes or creatinine, on resting ECG, treadmill exercise stress test Significant pulmonary, exercise-limiting orthopedic or neurological impairment Evidence of valvular disease, exercise-induced syncope, angina, arrhythmias or peripheral vascular disease Poor blood pressure control as defined as systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol greater than or equal to 5.0 or LDL cholesterol greater than or equal to 4.21 mmol/L Peripheral neuropathy severe enough to cause discomfort (for safety reasons) Significant orthostatic hypotension defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure greater than 30 mmHg during one of five consecutive arterial blood pressure readings immediately after changing position from lying to standing for safety.

Overt diabetic nephropathy excluding subjects with a urine albumin to creatinine ratio of greater than 2.0 in men or 2.8 in women Diabetic retinopathy