Exercise and Blood Pressure Reactivity

• Subjects:

• Twenty apparently healthy individuals of both genders (10 men and 10 women) with a mean age of 33.4±6.9 years (24 - 50 years), weight of 70.2±15.8 kg (45 - 96 kg), height of 170.4±11.5 cm (149 - 192 cm), body mass index (BMI) of 23.9±3.5 kg/m2(-1) (19.2 - 23.7 kg/m2(-1)) and percent body fat of 22.3±6.8% (8.5 - 35.0 %) volunteered for participation. The classification of the subjects in "apparently healthy" was performed by the risk stratification criteria of the American College of Sports Medicine in 1995 (interview with signs, symptoms and/or cardiopulmonary risk factors). No subject was using any medication and had no history of diagnosed cardiovascular or metabolic disease.

The study was conducted in accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Committe (CEDEP - COMITÊ DE ÉTICA E DEONTOLOGIA EM ESTUDOS E PESQUISAS), Petrolina-PE (protocol 0047.0.441.000-10). All participants were informed on the experimental methods before giving written consent.

• Anthropometric Assessment:

• Standard procedures were used to measure weight, height and body mass index (BMI). Body density was determined with specifications by Jackson & Pollock16 for men ([1,1093800 - 0,0008267 * (sum of skinfolds of the chest, abdomen and thigh) + 0,0000016 * (sum of skinfolds of the chest, abdomen and thigh)2 - 0,0002574 * age]) and Jackson et al.17 for women ([1,0994921 - 0,0009929 * (sum of skinfolds of the triceps, suprailiac and thigh) + 0,0000023 * (sum of skinfolds of the triceps, suprailiac and thigh)2 - 0,0001392 * age]). Body fat percentage was derived from Siri equation ([4.91 / density - 4.5] * 100).
• Blood Pressure Measurement:

• All BP measurements were performed by the same trained technician through the auscultatory method following previously described recommendations18, using a stethoscope (Duo Sonic, Brazil) and a calibrated sphygmomanometer (Missouri, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) certified by Inmetro (National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology). Measurements were taken at the left arm with the individual comfortably seated in a calm and controlled room temperature at 25o C. The auscultatory procedures were ensured against an automated and previously validated19 oscillometric method (Microlife, BP 3AC1-1, USA). Briefly, 30 independent individuals (another sample of individuals) of both genders rested for ten minutes and had BP randomly measured through both auscultatory and oscilometric methods, being the last blinded conducted by another evaluator. Correlations between methods were r=0.90 (p<0.001) for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and r=0.80 (p<0.001) for diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Also, agreement between methods was examined using the Bland & Altman20 procedure. Mean differences were 3.9 mmHg [20.2/-12.4 mmHg] and -3.4 mmHg [10.5/-17.3 mmHg] for SBP and DBP, respectively.
• Blood Pressure Reactivity (BPR) Assessment:

• BPR measurements were performed using the Cold Pressor Test (CPT) according to specifications previously described by Hines & Brow3. These authors had demonstrated the high reproducibility of the procedure for both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. The protocol consisted of one minute immersion of the right hand in water carefully kept at 4º C (Incoterm®, Porto Alegre, RS). BP measurements were respectively taken 30 and 60 seconds of immersion through the auscultatory method. The two BP values were respectively named Peak30" and Peak60" and the procedure is considered as an index of BPR. BP was also measured two minutes after the immersion cessation (After2'). Of note, the adoption of the auscultatory method for BP evaluation was due to the requirement of measurements at 30 and 60 seconds, what would not be possible using the automated oscillometric device.
• Experimental Sessions:

• Volunteers randomly underwent two experimental sessions on different days and separated by 48 to 72 hours. The combined exercise session consisting of 3 laps in a circuit model with two minutes recovery among laps, performing each of the following resistance and aerobic exercises: knee extension, bench press, knee flexion, rowing in the prone, squat, shoulder press and five minutes of up to down in a 15 centimeters high step between 75-85% heart rate maximum and/or 13 in the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of Borg Scale score of 6 to 20 points21. Resistance exercise loads were implemented using dumbbells to upper body exercises and weights attached on the legs and arms to lower body exercises. Each resistance exercise was performed in 15 repetitions with the estimative of 50% of one repetition maximum test as suggested by Tiggemann et al.22,23 with the utilization of RPE21. One second for the concentric phase and one second for the eccentric phase to resistance exercise were performed with rhythmic control (Metronome Plus®). The control session was conducted under the same conditions of the combined exercise session, with the exception that subjects did not perform exercises.
• Measurements during the Experimental Sessions:

• Resting SBP, DBP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurements were taken at each five minutes interval during 20 minutes and the average was considered for the analyses (Missouri, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Also, BP was measured after each circuit lap and at each 15 minutes intervals of post-exercise recovery during one hour. The same timeline and measures were followed during the control session. The CPT was conducted before each session (after 20 minutes of rest) and one hour after the combined exercise and control sessions. Heart Rate (HR) was also measured during each exercise and at the respective moment in the control session (Pulse Tronic Club Trainer®/ Direction Technology Co/Suiça). The HR measurements were considered for aerobic exercise control and identification of the cardiovascular load imposed by the experimental sessions. RPE was taken during the combined exercise session for control of exercise intensity and the mean value considered for subsequent analyses.
• Statistical Analyses:

• Data are presented using descriptive statistics with procedures of mean, standard deviation as well as lowest and maximum values. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify and present normality of data distribution. Pearson correlation was used to examine the relationship between resting BP measured through the different methods (i.e., auscultatory and oscillometric), as well as BPR in the different moments and the BP response during and after exercise and control sessions. The Bland & Altman20 technique was conducted to verify agreement between the two BP measurement methods. Paired-samples t test was used to compare data for correspondent moments of experimental sessions. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to compare BP and BPR responses within and between experimental sessions [Time (Pre vs. Post) * Session (Exercise vs. Control)]. Data were considered significant at P < 0.05 and statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS15.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL).

Inclusion criteria

• Apparently healthy individuals
• between 24 and 50 years

Exclusion criteria

• Using any medication
• History of diagnosed cardiovascular or metabolic disease