Examining the Impact of Phytoestrogens Supplementation on the Gene Expression, and Premenstrual Syndrome in Primenopausal Women

Menopause is a natural biological transition characterized by progressive ovarian aging, hormonal fluctuations, and changes in menstrual patterns. Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) and its receptor (AMHR2) play central roles in ovarian folliculogenesis and are considered reliable biomarkers of ovarian reserve and reproductive aging. Reduced AMH levels have been associated with earlier onset of menopause.

Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds structurally similar to endogenous estrogens and are capable of interacting with estrogen receptors, exerting weak estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects depending on the hormonal milieu. Flaxseed is one of the richest dietary sources of lignans, particularly secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), which is metabolized into bioactive enterolignans.

This study is designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of daily SDG supplementation on AMH and AMHR2 gene expression and on the experience and severity of premenstrual syndrome in perimenopausal women aged 40-55 years. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either SDG capsules (100 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Gene expression will be assessed using salivary samples collected at baseline and post-intervention. PMS severity will be evaluated using a validated Premenstrual Syndrome Scale.

Findings from this trial may contribute to understanding the role of dietary phytoestrogens in modulating reproductive aging and menstrual-related symptoms and may support future development of personalized nutritional strategies for women approaching menopause.

Inclusion criteria

Women aged 40-55 years Jordanian nationality Body mass index (BMI) between 19 and 29.9 kg/m² Apparently healthy and not receiving hormonal therapy -

Exclusion criteria

Pregnancy or lactation Use of hormonal replacement therapy or hormonal contraceptives Diagnosis of chronic metabolic, cardiovascular, liver, kidney, autoimmune, or malignant disease History of gynecological disorders or surgeries Use of dietary supplements or special diets within the previous 3 months Habitual consumption of flaxseed or phytoestrogen supplements Active bowel disease or malabsorption syndrome

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