Examining the Impact of Mindfulness on Patients' Experience of Osteopathic Manipulation

Pain intensity was measured with individual items rated on a numeric rating scale (0-10). Higher scores indicate more pain.

The sensation manikin is a digital human figure silhouette that is overlaid with a grid of 786 "sensation" pixels. Participants identify locations (i.e., grid pixels) on the manikin where they feel both pleasant and unpleasant sensations. Clicking once on any grid pixel turns that location blue, indicating a pleasant sensation. Clicking twice on any grid pixel turns that location red, indicating an unpleasant sensation. Each participant was instructed to color the entire area in which they were currently feeling sensation in their body. A clinically useful sensation ratio score is achieved by dividing the number of pleasant sensation pixels reported by the number of unpleasant sensation pixels reported. Higher scores indicate a larger pleasant sensation to unpleasant sensation ratio.

Session satisfaction was measured with an individual item ("I am satisfied with my treatment session.") rated on a numeric rating scale (0-10). Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction.

Mindfulness of the body was measured with an individual item ("I felt in contact with my body") from the State Mindfulness Scale (Tanay & Bernstein, 2013) rated on a numeric rating scale (0-10). Higher scores indicate more mindfulness of the body.

Embodied safety was measured with an individual item ("I felt my body was a safe place."), from the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (Mehling et al., 2012) rated on a numeric rating scale (0-10). Higher scores indicate greater embodied safety.