Examining the Efficacy of the PRAISE With Coaching Program

Student self-report of social information processing knowledge will be gathered using the Knowledge of Anger Problem Solving measure (9 items) where items are scored a 1 if correct and 0 if incorrect and summed (Range: 0-9), higher scores reflect better social information processing

Student self-report of hostile attributions will be assessed using the Cartoon-Based Hostile Attributional Bias measure, with 2 relational vignettes and 2 physical vignettes, with one question asking whether a behavior was intentional or unintentional. Each vignette has a range of 0 (no bias) to 4 (strong bias). Scores on the 2 items per vignette type (relational, physical) are summed where higher scores reflect a worse outcome.

Measured via student self-report using items drawn from the Peer Conflict Scale -Youth Version measure, the proactive relational (6 items) and reactive relational (6 items) and overt (5 items). Items, with a range of 1-Not at all true to 4-Definitely true, will be averaged per scale. Higher scores indicate more proactive relational, reactive relational and reactive overt aggression.

Student Self-report on items drawn from the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire will assess two scales: cyberbullying perpetration (7 items) and victimization (7 items) with answers ranging from 1-Never to 5-A few times a week. Items will be averaged such that higher score is more perpetration or victimization experiences.

Self-report of positive bystander behaviors will be assessed using 5 items drawn from the Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools (MDS3) Climate Survey with answers ranging from 1-Never to 5-All the time. Items are averaged with higher scores indicating more use of positive bystander behaviors.

Using teacher report on each child in their classroom, the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire will assess a child's relational (7 items) and overt (4 items) aggression with a range of 1-Never true to 5-Almost always true. Items are averaged per scale with higher scores indicating more relational or overt aggression.

Student self-report of cognitive empathy using the perspective taking scale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (6 items; Range: 1-Never to 5-All the Time). Items are averaged where higher scores indicated more empathy.

Student self-report of victimization by peers using the Social Experience Questionnaire (SEQ; 10 items, Range: 1-Never to 5-All the time). Items are averaged with higher scores indicated more peer bullying-victimization experiences.

Teacher report on each child in their classroom will be used to assess academic engagement using the Academic Competence Evaluation Scale (8 items; Range: 1-Never to 5-Almost Always). Items are averaged with higher scores reflecting more engagement.

Student self-report of their use of non-aggressive or violent responses when in a conflict with a peer will be assessed using 9 items drawn from the measure developed for the Multisite Violence Prevention Project with a range of 1-Not at to 4-Very confident. Items are averaged with higher scores reflecting more conference in their ability to not use violent or aggressive responses.

Teacher report on each child in their classroom of their perceived relationships (closeness and conflict) using the Closeness (5 items) and Conflict (5 items) drawn from the Student Teacher Relationship Scales (STRS; Range: 1-Definitely doesn't apply to 5-Definitely applies). Items per scale are averaged such that higher scores indicated more closeness or conflict between teacher and student.

Student self-report of their perception of the class academic and social climate using 6 items drawn from the Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools (MDS3) Climate Survey with a range from 1-Strongly Agree to 4-Strongly Disagree. Items are averaged such that higher scores indicate a more positive classroom climate.

Bullying will be assessed using the Behavior Based Bullying measure (9 items; Range: 1- Never to 4- or more times per month), items are averaged where higher scores means more bullying perpetration.