Evaluation of the Efficacy of Allergen-specific Immunotherapy Using Assessment in an Allergen Exposure chamber-a Randomized Placebo-controlled Double-blind Study

This clinical trial will be performed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IV study in adult patients. Thus, 2 parallel groups, one active treated and one placebo group, will be investigated. Patients from 18 to 65 years of age with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis or rhinoconjunctivitis to HDM allergens, with or without controlled allergic bronchial asthma, will be enrolled.

The efficacy will be evaluated using an AEC (TNSS) and additionally in the patient's natural environment (SMS). The screening phase will begin approximately in May and last until September 2024. All patients fulfilling the eligibility criteria at Screening Visit 1 (S1) will perform an AEC visit (AEC-pre) in October, followed by an e-Diary phase in November, December (Diary-pre). For the assessment of the pre-treatment score 4 consecutive weeks will be recorded and at least 2 consecutive weeks with complete daily entries must available. Adequate symptoms are defined as patient randomization criteria in the respective section of the synopsis/protocol. After randomization, patients will be treated for approximately 10 months. Afterwards a second Diary phase (Diary-post) will be performed. For the assessment of the post-treatment score, at least 2 consecutive weeks with complete daily entries must be available. Then, a second, posttreatment challenge (AEC-post) will follow. Last patient last visit is planned for January 2026. For the trial approximately 80 male and female outpatients (18 to 65 years of age) will be screened, and 67 patients will be randomized 1:1 verum/placebo. It is assumed, that this number of patients will yield a total of at least 60 patients with available post-treatment assessments, assuming a dropout rate of 10%. Additionally, data from 11 healthy subjects from a previous study with an identical setting will be included in the correlation analysis. There will be no replacement strategy employed for patients dropping out prematurely.

Inclusion criteria

To be eligible for trial participation, patients must meet all the following inclusion criteria:

• Written informed consent given from patient according to local requirements before any trial-related activities started (a trial-related activity is any procedure that would not have been performed during the routine management of the patient)
• Legally competent male or female outpatient between 18 and ≤ 65 years
• IgE-mediated moderate to severe allergic rhinitis or rhinoconjunctivitis with or without allergic asthma caused by HDM allergens documented by

Positive Skin prick test (SPT) result to D. pteronyssinus allergens:

D. pteronyssinus test solution (wheal diameter) ≥ 3 mm and Positive histamine-control reaction (wheal diameter) ≥ 3 mm and Negative NaCl-control reaction (wheal diameter) < 2 mm Immunoassay result for specific IgE ≥ 0.70 kU/L to D. pteronyssinus

• Symptoms of rhinitis or rhinoconjunctivitis e.g., during the months October to February or over the entire year for at least 2 years before enrolment.
• Assessment of persistent, moderate-severe rhinitis acc. to ARIA guidelines (Brozek et al.

2017, Bousquet et al. 2001) Symptoms for 4 or more consecutive weeks in the previous years and for at least 4 days per week during those weeks More than one of the symptoms evaluated as "troublesome" by the patients and/or impairing their daily activities, leisure or sport, school, or work and/or involving sleep disturbance 6. Symptoms requiring regular intake of anti-symptomatic medication 7. Previous symptomatic anti-allergic medication for at least 2 seasons prior to enrolment 8. At entry to this trial: No diagnosis of bronchial asthma in medical history or confirmed diagnosis of asthma as being "well controlled" according to GINA recommendation (GINA 2022)

Exclusion criteria

General criteria:

• Patients are unable to understand and comply with the requirements of the trial, as judged by the investigator
• Currently participating in another clinical trial or participating in any other clinical trial within 30 days prior informed consent for this trial
• Low adherence to trial procedures expected or inability to understand instructions/trial documents
• Involvement in the planning and conduct of the trial
• Any relationship of dependence with the investigator
• Previous randomization to treatment in the present trial
• Mentally disabled
• Institutionalized due to an official or judicial order For female patients with childbearing potential (i.e., females who are not chemically or surgically sterilized or females who are not post-menopausal)
• Positive urine pregnancy test or pregnant
• Wish to become pregnant during the course of the trial
• Not using highly effective and reliable contraception, as judged by the investigator (reliable and highly effective methods of birth control defined as a failure rate of less than 1% per year [CTFG recommendations 2020]) during the trial. Sexual abstinence is an allowed method of birth control (sexual abstinence is considered a highly effective method only if defined as refraining from heterosexual intercourse during the entire period of risk associated with the study treatments. The reliability of sexual abstinence needs to be evaluated in relation to the duration of the clinical trial and the preferred and usual lifestyle of the subject.) Males are not required to use any contraception during the study.
• Wish to breastfeed or breastfeeding

Immunotherapy criteria:

• History of a confirmed anaphylaxis after an AIT injection
• Current treatment with any kind of AIT
• AIT with HDM allergoids or allergens within the last 5 years
• AIT with unknown allergen within the last 5 years Sensitization criteria
• Clinically relevant symptoms to perennial and seasonal allergens which interfere with the assessment period of October to January. Exceptions are symptoms to allergens of cat and dog, if the patient has no direct contact to these animals.

Diseases and health status:

• Clinically relevant chronic rhinoconjunctival or respiratory symptoms related to other reasons than allergy
• Chronic persistent rhinitis symptoms for 20 years or longer
• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) < 70 % of predicted normal values according to Quanjer (Quanjer et al. 2012) under adequate asthma treatment according to GINA recommendation (GINA 2022)
• Uncontrolled or partly controlled asthma according to GINA recommendation (GINA 2022)
• Asthma exacerbation within the last 6 months prior to randomization defined as unscheduled doctors visit, hospitalization, or emergency unit visit requiring the use of systemic corticosteroids or change of controller medication
• Severe acute or chronic diseases (e.g., COVID-19, chronic urticaria, mastocytosis, active tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus type I, malignant neoplasia, chronic renal failure), severe inflammatory diseases (liver, kidneys)
• Autoimmune diseases, immune defects including immunosuppression, immune-complexinduced immunopathies (e.g., HIV, post-transplant patients, lupus erythematodes [SLE], vitiligo, Grave's disease, multiple sclerosis)
• Severe psychiatric and psychological disorders including impairment of cooperation (e.g., alcohol or drug abuse)
• Recurrent seizures (e.g., febrile convulsion, untreated epilepsy)
• Irreversible secondary alterations of the reactive organ (e.g., emphysema, bronchiectasis)
• For assessment the normal reference ranges of the central laboratory should be applied. If out of range, laboratory values greater than grade 1 according to the FDA Guidance for Industry (Toxicity Grading Scale for Healthy Adult and Adolescent Volunteers Enrolled in Preventive Vaccine Clinical Trials) will lead to exclusion of the patient.

Medications:

• Use of β-blockers (locally or systemically) and/or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
• Contraindication for use of adrenalin (e.g., acute, or chronic symptomatic coronary heart disease, severe hypertension)
• Completion or ongoing treatment with anti-IgE-antibodies (e.g., omalizumab) or anti IL4/IL13 antibodies (e.g., dupilumab) or other biological medication interfering with the TH2 pathway
• Completed or ongoing long-term treatment with tranquilizer or other psychoactive drugs