Evaluation of Multiple HCV Diagnosis Pathways for Efficacy, Cost Effectiveness and Cure in NHS Tayside

Hepatitis C is a blood-borne virus (HCV) that can seriously damage the liver and is spread mainly through blood-to-blood contact with an infected person. The "serious and significant public health risk" posed by HCV was recognised during a member's debate in the Scottish Parliament in 2004. By December 2006, Health Protection Scotland estimated that 50,000 persons in Scotland had been infected with the Hepatitis C virus and that 38,000 were chronic carriers. Currently, the greatest risk of acquiring the virus in the UK is through injecting drug use. In Scotland, it is estimated that over 85% of individuals who have Hepatitis C were infected in this way.

Scotland has taken the lead within the UK in tackling HCV with its Hepatitis C Action Plan. One of the plan's key goals was to identify undiagnosed infections. The plan has identified that access to testing was a significant obstacle in diagnosis. Nearly 75% of undiagnosed cases of HCV within Scotland (16,300) are people who inject drugs (PWIDs) who no longer inject. Given that we have now entered the new era of the curative direct antiviral agents against HCV, it is important that we develop new stratagems to identify and treat those cases

The investigators had considered population screening, however this is not justified under World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria due to the relatively low prevalence in Scotland. The way forward will be to prioritise strategies and target different population groups in a logical manner. The question is what is the most cost-effective means to achieve this and with what combination of testing strategies. Tayside has been at the forefront of piloting novel testing methods. The following list includes the current diagnostic pathways which are standard care in NHS Tayside and previously published pilot studies.

• Standard diagnosis pathway: clinical suspicion at presentation in primary (pathway 1a) or secondary care (pathway 1b) that HCV could be the cause of the presentation or co-incident issue requiring testing
• Patients on opiate substitution therapy (OST): testing is being done across the Tayside Substance Misuse Services on initial assessment and annually thereafter.
• Patients on opiate substitution therapy (OST). Opportunistic testing done for clients receiving OST in participating dispensing pharmacies.
• Testing in needle exchanges
• Patients previously on OST or in drug treatment: review of methadone prescription records, dating back to the 1980s, to identify patients at increased risk of HCV
• Prisons: opt-out testing upon entry is standard practice for all prisoners in the region
• Community outreach to ethnic minorities, including testing in the mosques
• General Practice: Electronic record trawl and health promotion

• Record trawl with specially designed search tools to identify patients at increased risk of HCV infection and GP follow up offer of testing.
• Health promotion message and easy access HCV testing for selected general practices in Tayside.
• Targeted General Practice screening in Glasgow:

• Targeting to GPs in areas with high social deprivation, as these are associated with higher HCV prevalence
• Targeting to GPs with in areas with high social deprivation, with patients who have a history of IVDU and fall within the ages of 30-64
• GP record unification. 24 general practices in Tayside unified their HCV testing records with the secondary care HCV records to identify patients never referred or lost to follow up. Whilst this is not a novel diagnosis pathway, the outcomes will provide important information regarding linkage to care for other pathways.

The investigators intend to retrospectively compare and evaluate the existing and pilot studies that have been conducted in NHS Tayside along with two general practice based studies from Glasgow to determine the optimum and most cost effective bundle of diagnostic activities to bring the different HCV communities to diagnosis and accessing of treatment.

Inclusion criteria

• All individuals in NHS Tayside tested for Hepatitis C (HCV) between 1st January 1999 and 31st January 2018

Exclusion criteria

• None