Evaluation of a Behavioral Intervention to Optimize Supplement Adherence in Ethiopia

The design to meet the study objectives is as follows:

• A cross-section baseline and endline design with a nonequivalent control group will be used to assess the effect of the behavioral intervention (materials for pregnant women and ANC providers). Pregnant women in intervention and control sites will be interviewed using a structured questionnaire to assess adherence to IFAS or MMS. These women will be interviewed before the start of the intervention at the selected clinics (baseline). Four to six months (4-6mo) after the intervention, another sample of women who attended ANC visits and received IFAS or MMS will be invited for an interview (endline).
• Key informant interviews (KIIs) with service providers will be used to explore the relevance, usability, acceptability, scalability, and other factors related to the intervention. Interviews will be conducted with the woreda/district-level maternal, newborn, and child health/Maternal Child Health (MCH) coordinator, the Primary Health Care Unit (PHCU) director, midwives/nurses from health clinics, and Health Extension Workers (HEWs) and Health Development Army volunteers from health posts.
• In-depth interviews (IDIs) with pregnant women who received the intervention will be conducted to learn about the experiences with the materials.

The study will be implemented in sixteen districts (woredas) within four regions of Ethiopia - South Ethiopia, Central Ethiopia, South-West Ethiopia, and Sidama; four woredas/districts in each region. Per the direction of the Ministry of Health, two regions (South-West and Sidama) will continue to receive the standard of care (IFAS), and the other two will receive MMS.

Inclusion criteria

• Pregnant women:

• Between 15 and 49 years of age.
• Have had at least one ANC visit and received IFAS or MMS in the prior four months.
• For unmarried 15-18 years of age: agree for her parent/guardian to be contacted.
• Women in Intervention sites: Have received and used the intervention materials for at least one month.
• Health providers in intervention sites:

• Provide antenatal care and/or coordinate IFAS/MMS service provision at the clinic or post level.
• Health volunteers working in health extension services are 19 years or older and actively engaged in the implementation of the intervention

Exclusion criteria

• Pregnant women

• Receiving IFAS supplementation for the treatment of anemia.
• For unmarried 15-18 years of age: her parent/guardian lives outside the study woreda/district.
• For Intervention sites: Has not attended ANC visits in the prior 4-6 months and did not receive the intervention materials.
• Health providers in intervention sites:

• Have worked for less than six months in the health center or the health post at the intervention sites.
• Health volunteers working in health extension services are younger than 19 years old and not involved in house visits.