Evaluating the Effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness in Chinese Young Adults

The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a reliable self-assessment tool designed to evaluate subjective feelings of loneliness.

Total scores are calculated based on individual item ratings ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (always). Higher scores indicate a greater degree of loneliness (worse outcome).

The Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale is a validated self-report tool used to measure the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful.

Individual items are rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Higher scores indicate higher levels of perceived stress (worse outcome).

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 is a reliable self-report measure designed to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms over the past two weeks.

Possible scores for each item range from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day).

Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms of depression (worse outcome).

The Chinese version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale is a validated, self-reported instrument assessing the severity of anxiety symptoms.

Possible scores for each item range from 0 (not feeling at all) to 3 (most of the time).Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms of anxiety (worse outcome).

The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support evaluates the social support derived from three key sources: family, friends, and significant others.

Respondents rate each item on a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 represents "very strongly disagree" and 7 indicates "very strongly agree."

Higher scores indicate a higher level of perceived social support (better outcome).

The Affect Valuation Index (AVI) is a validated, self-reported instrument assessing affective experiences over the past week. It evaluates the frequency of actual emotions experienced.

Possible scores for each emotion item range from 1 (very slightly or not at all) to 5 (extremely or all the time).

Higher scores indicate a greater frequency of that specific affective state. (Note: High scores in positive affect represent a better outcome, while high scores in negative affect represent a worse outcome).

The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) is a reliable self-assessment tool that evaluates an individual's sense of meaning in life across two subscales: Presence of Meaning and Search for Meaning.

Each subscale (5 items each) has a minimum score of 5 and a maximum score of 35.

Higher scores on the Presence subscale indicate a stronger sense that life is meaningful. Higher scores on the Search subscale indicate a greater drive to find meaning.

The Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6) is a validated self-report measure that evaluates the inclination to recognize and respond to life events with gratitude.

Total scores range from 6 (strongly disagree across all items) to 42 (strongly agree across all items).

Higher scores indicate a higher level of dispositional gratitude (better outcome).

The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a validated measure assessing five different elements of mindfulness in daily life.

Responses are scored on a scale from 1 (never or very rarely true) to 5 (very often or always true).

Higher scores indicate higher levels of mindfulness (better outcome).

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is a validated instrument assessing strategies used to manage emotions, specifically Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression.

Items are rated from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The Reappraisal subscale (6 items) ranges from 6 to 42.

Higher scores on Cognitive Reappraisal indicate more frequent use of adaptive emotional regulation (better outcome).

The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) measures an individual's optimistic beliefs regarding their capacity to manage challenging situations and cope with stressors.

This 10-item scale ranges from a total minimum of 10 to a maximum of 40 (based on a 1-4 Likert scale).

Higher scores indicate a stronger belief in one's own self-efficacy (better outcome).

The 15-item Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (ICQ-15) assesses self-reported proficiency across five social domains, including initiating relationships and conflict management.

It is using a 4-point Likert-type scale, where 1 indicates "I'm always poor at this" and 4 represents "I'm always good at this." Total scores range from 15 to 60.

Higher scores indicate a higher level of interpersonal proficiency and social skill (better outcome).

The Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (A-RSQ) assesses cognitive-affective processing styles regarding the expectation of social rejection.

Scores are calculated based on concern and likelihood of rejection across 15 items, with total scores typically ranging from 1 to 36 (mean score).

Higher scores indicate a greater sensitivity to and anxious expectation of social rejection (worse outcome).