Evaluating How a Mobile App Can Improve Prenatal Care

The study was conducted in the women's health and family medicine departments of one community hospital and two medical centers across three states (Georgia, Nevada, and Virginia). In this hospital system, women are distributed a spiral notebook at their obstetric care intake appointment, which generally is scheduled for 8-10 weeks gestation. The spiral notebook is designed for two purposes: 1) patient education of what happens throughout pregnancy, and 2) patient record keeping of the patient's own pregnancy experience, including space for recording weight, blood pressure, and journaling about what they experience between prenatal appointments. The mobile app used in this study was designed for the same two purposes and contained identical content, though through a mobile design interface (available on both Android and iOS platforms). After the pilot study, patient feedback on the mobile app was used to create a beta version. Notable differences were a feature for users to change font size, a search function, and weekly reminders. No substantive content changed. This randomized controlled study had one intervention (mobile application) and one control (standard of care - spiral notebook) group. The study was approved by the first author's Institutional Review Board.

At each medical center, the obstetrics intake nurse serially screened new obstetrics patients for inclusion criteria from May to November 2015. If patients met inclusion criteria, the nurse invited the patient to talk to a research assistant about the study. Exclusion criteria included conditions that would elevate the patient's care to complicated obstetrics care (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, renal disorder, etc.). This was intended to capture a low-risk obstetrics patient population that would follow a standard 4-week pathway of care, in which patients attend a prenatal appointment once every four weeks during pregnancy.

The study used pre-assigned block randomization (each block n = 40) to balance the conditions throughout recruitment. Following consent and baseline measures, participants were randomized to the two conditions. Providers were blinded to patient participation in the study.

Surveys were completed at four prenatal appointments, 10-12 weeks, 28 weeks, 32 weeks, and 36 weeks gestation. All data collection was conducted with paper-and-pencil surveys in the clinic, immediately before and following each clinical appointment. At each appointment, patient weight and blood pressure were also recorded from the patient's electronic medical record.

At baseline, self-reported measures included demographics, health literacy, and patient activation. Health literacy was assessed using the self-reported Functional, Communicative, Critical Health Literacy Scale (Ishikawa, Takeuchi, & Yano, 2008) Patient activation was assessed with the validated, licensed patient activation measure (PAM) (Greene & Hibbard, 2012; Greene, Hibbard, Sacks, & Overton, 2013; Hibbard, Mahoney, Stockard, & Tusler, 2005; Hibbard et al., 2004), which uses 13 Likert-type items to create a continuous patient activation measure on a scale of 0 (not activated) to 100 (most activated). PAM was also replicated at time 4 (32 week appointment). As a surrogate measure, patient activation was also assessed at a behavioral level by asking patients at 36 weeks how many mobile apps they had used throughout their pregnancy.

Use was assessed with three measures. Before each appointment, patients completed two items regarding use of the education and engagement tool. First they indicated if they had brought the mobile app/notebook to the appointment with them (yes/no). Then, they reported how frequently they had used the tool over the past month 1) to look for information and 2) to record information (never = 0, once = 1, weekly = 4, or daily = 28).

Following each appointment, patients completed five subscales of the validated Prenatal Interpersonal Processes of Care (PIPC) scale (Wong et al., 2004), including elicitation/responsiveness to the patient, explanations of care, empowerment, patient-centered decision making, and emotional support. Responses to each item were transformed onto a 0 (negative perception) to 100 (positive perception) scale, and items are averaged to create subscales. Then subscales are averaged to calculate the overall PIPC scale.

At delivery, outcomes were recorded from the health record: gestational age, birth weight, and mode of delivery (vaginal or Caesarean section).

Inclusion criteria

Women (older than 18 years) who initiate obstetrics care (in the Women's Health or Family Health clinics) at the three sites.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

in this study follow the guidelines for patients who are escalated in obstetrical care, to include…

• Cardiovascular disease
• Cardiac abnormality
• Diabetes Mellitus - Type I or Type II
• Renal disorder
• Uncontrolled hypertension
• HIV positive
• Hepatitis B or C positive
• History of syphilis/RPR positive
• Uncontrolled thyroid disease
• History of previous bariatric surgery
• Hematologic conditional with the exception of mild anemia
• Cancer: current or recurrent
• History of seizure disorder or other neurological condition
• History of lupus or other autoimmune disorder
• Antiphospholipid syndrome
• History of transplant
• History of genetics disease with known effect on pregnancy
• Chronic pulmonary disease with the exception of well controlled
• History of inflammatory bowel disease
• Thromboembolic disease: current or previous
• Recurrent pregnancy loss
• History of isoimmunization