Epidural Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an important therapy for patients with serious knee osteoarthritis in order to improve quality of life and relieve pain. But a large number of patients who undergo this surgery experience moderate to severe postoperative pain. Previously, the investigators used single femoral nerve blockade combined with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for postoperative analgesia for patients after TKA. Although this method provides acceptable analgesia, the incidence of opioid-associated side effects is relatively high. Low-dose epidural morphine is commonly used in postoperative analgesia after cesarean section, and the effect of single dose morphine lasts more than 20 hours, with low incidences of itching, nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression. The investigators hypothesize that, for patients undergoing TKA, the addition of low-dose epidural morphine to single femoral nerve block and intravenous opioids can improve the postoperative analgesia, reduce the consumption of intravenous opioids and decrease opioid-associated side effects.

Inclusion criteria

• Adult patients (age of 18 years or older);
• American Society of Anesthesiologists classification I-III;
• Scheduled to undergo unilateral TKA under combined spinal and epidural anesthesia.

Exclusion criteria

• Age higher than 90 years old;
• Presence of any contraindication to neuraxial block or peripheral nerve block;
• Continuous use of opioid analgesics during the last month;
• Unable to understand Numeric Rating Scale for pain evaluation or existence of language barrier;
• Severe renal insufficiency (requirement of renal replacement therapy);
• History of asthma;
• Recruited in another clinical trials.