Enteral Stents for Colonic Obstruction

Introduction & background In emergency surgery, although surgical and resuscitation techniques were improved, the postoperative complications and mortality rates are still high and however higher than for those patients that underwent to elective surgery (1-3). Using a Metallic prosthesis stent in an obstructed colon allows to transform an emergency surgical case into an elective surgery case. This allows to restore the bowel transit and to operate in elective condition reducing morbidity, mortality and the need of an enterostomy (4-10).

Although there are recent outcomes on literature about use of a decompressive stent before surgery in obstructed patients from malignant colic tumours, there are no prospective and randomised studies were stent positioning followed by elective surgery is compared with emergency surgery.

Study design Prospective, randomized multicentric clinical trial where samples are patients with emergency room diagnosis of obstructing colonic neoplasm.

Once informed and obtained consent, patients will be included in the study and randomized in one of the two branches of the study: A.- enteral stent positioning followed by second time resection in the same hospital stay. B.- emergency surgical treatment consisting in Hartmann operation or resection with same time anastomosis. Results from transit reconstruction in patients underwent Hartmann operation will be considered in the study.

Short term clinical evolution control in order to determine postoperative morbility and mortality, hospital stay.

Follow-up will be performed to evaluate survival rate and disease free survival.

Endpoints To evaluate and compare the results obtained using enteral stent followed by elective surgery versus common emergency surgical techniques.

Primary endpoint will be 60 days postoperative morbidity. Others endpoints will be: postoperative mortality, length of hospital stay, need for analgesia. Long term follow up with specific instrumental controls (CT scan, US, colonoscopy or RX clysma) to identify disease recurrences or metastases as cost analysis and patient's quality of life will also be evaluated.

Statistics & randomization In prospective series analysed in different centres, the incidence of postoperative complications in patients underwent to emergency colonic surgery was 35%. The positioning of the stent associated to second time surgical elective treatment is characterized by 15% of morbidity (stent: 5%, surgery: 10%). The number of patients needed to carry on the study making statistically significant this difference (35% vs 15%) with an error alpha = 0.05 and beta = 0.2 and estimating a loss of 5% of the samples, is 72 patients in each group.

Randomization will be stratified for local extension of tumour (T4 vs others) and for presence or not of liver metastases.

Main selection criteria Inclusion of patients with malignant colonic obstruction localized between promontorium and splenic flexure and diagnosed by CTScan. Those patients with peritonitis, pneumoperitoneum, synchronic colonic tumour, pregnant or haemodynamic instability will be excluded.

Follow-up Same follow-up as patients diagnosed and treated for Colon Cancer following the protocol of each center, never less than 3 years. During follow-up required complementary studies will be performed in each case in order to evaluate local recurrence or distant metastases. Also quality of life and costs will be evaluated.

Expected results: reduction of postoperative complications and hospital stay in patients submitted to stent positioning without worsening of evolution of the neoplastic illness.

Inclusion criteria

• malignant colonic obstruction localized between splenic flexure and 15 cm from anal margin diagnosed by CTScan.
• Possibility of endoscopy and stent location during next 24 h after diagnostic.
• Clinical occlusion to gas and faeces.
• Informed consent obtained from the patient or from a relative in case of inability.

Exclusion criteria

• Bowel perforation diagnosed by clinical exploration and complementary studies.
• Associated pathologies contraindicating general anaesthesia and/or haemodynamic instability.
• Impossibility to gain a valid informed consent or refusal from the patient.
• Patients with multiple liver metastases diagnosed by CTScan at the moment of diagnostic and not considered operable with curative intention following the standards of every center.