Empathy Training for Undergraduate Nursing Students

Various traditional pedagogies have been used in empathy training for nursing students. For instance, didactic lectures often aim at introducing the scientific information of empathy, while experiential learning, such as role-playing and standardized patient interactions, are used to facilitate learning through reflection on doing and minimizing stereotypes. Additionally, mindfulness-based training is employed to promote self-awareness and cultivate essential traits in healthcare students and clinicians, such as being nonjudgmental, kind, compassionate, and altruistic. However, a previous systematic review revealed inconsistent findings about the effects of traditional pedagogies and highlighted the need for innovative teaching approaches from healthcare educators.

Perspective-taking is a crucial empathy-related phenomenon that refers to the capability of comprehending the intentions of others. Despite the use of experiential learning strategies in previous empathy training, previous studies are not without limitations. For instance, role-play and standardized patients in developing clinical empathy have been criticized for limited authenticity, variations in skills and consistency of participants, inadequate quality feedback, and resource intensity. Recent studies have also explored the use of virtual reality as an experiential learning component to render experiences of immersion, presence, and embodiment. However, these strategies cannot cover a wide range of clinical situations or provide timely feedback.

In recent years, technological advancements have provided new opportunities for innovative educational strategies. One such promising approach is the use of artificial intelligence (AI)-generated virtual clients in empathy training. AI-generated virtual clients can simulate a wide range of client interactions, offering a repeatable environment to practice and cultivate empathy. The integration of virtual clients into empathy training programs has the potential to revolutionize healthcare education. Thus, this research proposal aims to examine the effects of a brief empathy training program utilizing AI-generated virtual clients and traditional pedagogies on the empathy levels of undergraduate nursing students. By incorporating AI-generated virtual clients into newly developed empathy training protocol, along with elements of didactic lectures and mindfulness-based training, the investigators hypothesize that students will experience a significant improvement in empathetic attitude, and then leading to better empathetic communication skills and cognitive flexibility.

Inclusion criteria

• undergraduate students enrolled in a nursing program
• no previous experience with empathy-related training
• no previous experience working in healthcare settings
• age 18 years or above
• native Chinese speakers.

Exclusion criteria

• are or were the main carers of people who are disabled or chronically ill because empathy may be promoted through experience.