Emotional Release After Trigger Point Needling to Treat Myofascial Pain of the Head and Neck - Prospective Study

The most common chronic pain of the orofacial region is myofascial pain related to the muscles of mastication and the neck.

Which is classified according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD).

In the DC-TMD, the "Axis I" arm, namely the "physical diagnosis" includes "muscular" disorders as well as "joint" disorders.

The DC/TMD also includes the Axis II - psychosocial arm with comorbidities such as Anxiety, Depression, PTSD.

The cause of myofascial pain is poorly understood - there is no clear organic cause and the modern understanding is that most of the pain is related to processes originating in the central nervous system or specifically in the "mind" such as poor coping mechanisms, history of trauma or PTSD, anxiety, depression, as well as issues related to emotions such as emotional repression.

There are no wide consensus guidelines for the treatment of chronic myofascial pain of the masticatory muscles and various modalities are available: physiotherapy, occlusal stabilization splints, pharmacotherapy, acupuncture, biofeedback, trigger point needling, behavioral changes, psychotherapy, and hypnotherapy.

One of the most common and effective treatments of myofascial pain in general is "needling" of trigger points namely insertion of a dry needle or injection of saline, local anesthetic, or steroids into trigger points (wet needling).

This treatment is also known as "Intramuscular Stimulation" (IMS). Our department has been treating myofascial pain with trigger point injections for over 6 years. Our standard protocol is 4 separate appointments spaced 1-2 weeks apart.

Practitioners of IMS report that for many patients, shortly after needling there is a n "emotional release" expressed as change in mood, crying, recollection of memories, calmness and relaxation. This has been our experience as well.

Despite the fact that this phenomenon is well observed among practitioners - there are very few reports in the literature.

In this study, we aim to measure the qualitative dynamics of emotions following IMS as well as asses the efficacy of treatment as a product of emotional change. There would be no change in the muscles needled or the technique but rather data is collected in regards to the emotional state before and after the standard treatment.

Methods After signed consent all patients will be asked to fill a series of questionnaires in print. The questionnaires administered are standardized and validated in Hebrew.

Patients will be asked to fill out:

• Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC-TMD) questionnaire.
• Patient Health Questionnaire 9 PHQ-9-HEB
• Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ)
• Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS - 20) Clinical data will be entered in EMR (Chameleon). Patients would receive 4 appointments for treatment spaced 1 or 2 weeks apart over a period of 1-2 months.

At each injection session, all patients will be asked to fill out the Profile of Mood States Hebrew translation (POMS-H) before and after trigger point injections. The pain using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) would also be recorded as well as the personal impression of improvement using a percentage scale.

Patients Study patients with relevant DC/TMD axis I diagnosis who could benefit from IMS therapy would be offered a chance to join the study.

Number of participants 100 study patients

Age range 18-99

Gender Males and females

Inclusion criteria

The study group will include patients which consent to the study and are diagnosed with: Myalgia/Local Myalgia or Myofascial Pain or Myofascial pain with referral or Headache attributed to TMD with or without concurrent diagnosis related to the temporomandibular joint itself.

Exclusion criteria

Patients who are not eligible for IMS therapy will be excluded:

• PLT count under 80,000
• Active or chronic infection at site of pain
• Known allergy to amide local anesthetics
• Severe bleeding disorder such as Hemophilia
• If treated with Warfarin INR over 3

Criteria for participation ceasing -

• Patient choice
• Pain is not improving after 3 sessions

Special population - excluded

• Patients under 18
• Patients with cognitive impairments unable to fully understand the questionnaires

Duration of study: 2 years

Risk for the participants:

Equivalent to risk from IMS:

• Local hematoma
• Elevated pain after injection

Inclusion criteria

The study group will include patients which consent to the study and are diagnosed with: Myalgia/Local Myalgia or Myofascial Pain or Myofascial pain with referral or Headache attributed to TMD with or without concurrent diagnosis related to the temporomandibular joint itself.

Exclusion criteria

Patients who are not eligible for IMS therapy will be excluded:

• PLT count under 80,000
• Active or chronic infection at site of pain
• Known allergy to amide local anesthetics
• Severe bleeding disorder such as Hemophilia
• If treated with Warfarin INR over 3