Efficacy of the Korean PEERS® for Preschoolers (PEERS®-PS-K) Social Skills Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

The SRS-2 includes five subscales: Social Awareness, Social Cognition, Social Communication, Social Motivation, and Restricted Interests and Repetitive Behavior. Each subscale provides a T-score to identify specific areas of social impairment.

The Korean version of Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Third Edition (K-Vineland-III) is a standardized assessment of adaptive functioning in communication, daily living skills, and socialization domains. Standard scores (Mean=100, SD=15) are used, where higher scores indicate better adaptive functioning in daily life.

The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) is a parent-report screening tool for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) symptoms. It assesses social interaction and communication skills. Higher total scores indicate more severe social communication deficits.

The Quality of Socialization Questionnaire (QSQ) measures the number and quality of an individual's friendships and the frequency of social interactions. Higher scores reflect a higher quality and frequency of social involvement.

The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) assesses executive function behaviors in preschool-aged children, including inhibition, shifting, and emotional control. Higher T-scores indicate greater executive function impairment.

The Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC) is a parent-report measure of a child's emotional regulation and lability. Higher scores on the Emotion Regulation subscale indicate better emotional control, while higher scores on the Lability/Negativity subscale indicate greater emotional instability.

The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for ages 1.5-5 is used to identify emotional and behavioral problems in young children. Higher T-scores on the Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems scales indicate more significant behavioral challenges.

The Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS) is a parent-report measure designed to assess symptoms of anxiety in preschool-aged children. It covers domains such as generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and separation anxiety. Higher total scores indicate a higher level of anxiety symptoms in the child.

The STAI is a self-report instrument used to measure the presence and severity of current anxiety (state) and a general tendency to be anxious (trait) in adults. Higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety in parents.

The BDI-II is a widely used self-report scale to assess the severity of depressive symptoms in adults. Higher total scores reflect more significant depressive symptoms.

The K-PET is a standardized self-report instrument developed by Jung-mi Kim to assess parenting efficacy in parents of children aged 1 to 6 years. It consists of two main domains: the Parent domain (15 items focusing on parenting competence and satisfaction) and the Spouse domain (14 items focusing on co-parenting and spouse support). Total scores are calculated on a 5-point Likert scale, where higher scores reflect a higher sense of parenting efficacy and better co-parenting quality.

The PSI-4-SF assesses the level of stress in the parent-child system. Higher total scores indicate a greater degree of stress related to the parenting role and child-rearing.

The Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) is a self-report measure for parents to assess their relationship with their child. It evaluates aspects such as closeness and conflict within the parent-child dyad. Higher scores on the closeness subscale and lower scores on the conflict subscale indicate a more positive and secure relationship.