Efficacy of Music-Based Telerehabilitation After Stroke

Cognitive functioning summary score is calculated as an average of rescaled scores in following tests: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) total score, MoCA Verbal Fluency subtest total score, Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART; correct responses & reaction times), Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Reaction Time subtest (reaction times) and Trail Making subtest (correct responses & reaction times from difference scores between B part and A part), Simon Task (correct responses & reaction times from difference scores between Incongruence part and Congruence part), and Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Digit Span subtest (total score) and Spatial Span subtest (total score). Raw scores are rescaled to a scale of 0-100 using min-max normalization [(x-min(x))/(max(x)-min(x))*100] across the measurement points. The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Speech production summary score is calculated as an average of percentage of correct responses (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100) in the following subtests of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB): Conversational Question, Picture Description, Repetition, Object Naming, Word Fluency, Sentence Completion, and Responsive Speech. The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Upper-extremity motor function summary score is calculated as an average of percentage of correct responses (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100) in following tests: Action Research Arm Test (ARAT; total score), Box and Block Test (BBT; total score), and Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT; total score). The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Mood and quality of life summary score is calculated as an average of percentage scores (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100) in following self-report questionnaires: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) / Depression scale (total score), PROMIS / Anxiety scale (total score), and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS; total score). The scores of the PROMIS are reversed to align with the SIS scores. The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Cognitive functioning summary score is calculated as an average of rescaled scores in following tests: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) total score, MoCA Verbal Fluency subtest total score, Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART; correct responses & reaction times), Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Reaction Time subtest (reaction times) and Trail Making subtest (correct responses & reaction times from difference scores between B part and A part), Simon Task (correct responses & reaction times from difference scores between Incongruence part and Congruence part), and Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Digit Span subtest (total score) and Spatial Span subtest (total score). Raw scores are rescaled to a scale of 0-100 using min-max normalization [(x-min(x))/(max(x)-min(x))*100] across the measurement points. The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Speech production summary score is calculated as an average of percentage of correct responses (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100) in the following subtests of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB): Conversational Question, Picture Description, Repetition, Object Naming, Word Fluency, Sentence Completion, and Responsive Speech. The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Upper-extremity motor function summary score is calculated as an average of percentage of correct responses (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100) in following tests: Action Research Arm Test (ARAT; total score), Box and Block Test (BBT; total score), and Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT; total score). The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Mood and quality of life summary score is calculated as an average of percentage scores (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100) in following self-report questionnaires: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) / Depression scale (total score), PROMIS / Anxiety scale (total score), and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS; total score). The scores of the PROMIS are reversed to align with the SIS scores. The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Attention summary score is calculated as an average of rescaled scores in following tests: Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART; correct responses & reaction times), Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Reaction Time subtest (reaction times) and Trail Making subtest (correct responses & reaction times from A part), and Simon Task (correct responses & reaction times from Congruence part). Raw scores are rescaled to a scale of 0-100 using min-max normalization [(x-min(x))/(max(x)-min(x))*100] across the measurement points. The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Executive function summary score is calculated as an average of rescaled scores in following tests: MoCA Verbal Fluency subtest total score, Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Trail Making subtest (correct responses & reaction times from difference scores between B part and A part), and Simon Task (correct responses & reaction times from difference scores between Incongruence part and Congruence part). Raw scores are rescaled to a scale of 0-100 using min-max normalization [(x-min(x))/(max(x)-min(x))*100] across the measurement points. The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Working memory summary score is calculated as an average of percentage of correct responses (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100) in the Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Digit Span subtest (total score) and Spatial Span subtest (total score). The range of the summary score is 0-100 (higher score indicates better outcome).

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) total score (range 0-30, higher score indicates better outcome), measures general cognitive function.

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Verbal Fluency subtest score (phonemic fluency; min value: 0, max value: no upper limit; higher score indicates better outcome), measures executive functioning (cognitive flexibility).

Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), number of correct responses (range 0-225, higher score indicates better outcome), measures sustained attention.

Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), average reaction time (ms) across trials (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures sustained attention.

Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Reaction Time subtest, average reaction time (ms) across trials (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures selective attention & psychomotor speed.

Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Trail Making subtest (A part), number of correct responses (range 0-24, higher score indicates better outcome), measures selective attention.

Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Trail Making subtest (A part), average reaction time (ms) across trials (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures selective attention.

Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Trail Making subtest (B part), number of correct responses (range 0-24, higher score indicates better outcome), measures executive function (set-shifting).

Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Trail Making subtest (B part), average reaction time (ms) across trials (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures executive function (set-shifting).

Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Trail Making subtest (difference between B part and A part), number of correct responses (range 0-24, lower score indicates better outcome), measures executive function (set-shifting).

Flexible Attention Test (FAT) / Trail Making subtest (difference between B part and A part), average reaction time (ms) across trials (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures executive function (set-shifting).

Simon Task / Congruence part, number of correct responses (range 0-50, higher score indicates better outcome), measures selective attention.

Simon Task / Congruence part, average reaction time (ms) across trials (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures selective attention.

Simon Task / Incongruence part, number of correct responses (range 0-50, higher score indicates better outcome), measures executive function (inhibition).

Simon Task / Incongruence part, average reaction time (ms) across trials (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures executive function (inhibition).

Simon Task: Difference between Incongruence part and Congruence part, number of correct responses (range 0-50, lower score indicates better outcome), measures executive function (set-shifting).

Simon Task: Difference between Incongruence part and Congruence part, average reaction time (ms) across trials (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures executive function (set-shifting).

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Digit Span subtest, forward recall score (range 0-16, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal working memory.

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Digit Span subtest, backward recall score (range 0-14, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal working memory.

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Digit Span subtest, total score (range 0-30, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal working memory.

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Spatial Span subtest, forward recall score (range 0-16, higher score indicates better outcome), measures visuospatial working memory.

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Spatial Span subtest, backward recall score (range 0-16, higher score indicates better outcome), measures visuospatial working memory.

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Spatial Span subtest, total score (range 0-32, higher score indicates better outcome), measures visuospatial working memory.

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Word Lists subtest, 1st learning trial score (range 0-12, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal memory & learning

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Word Lists subtest, change score from the 1st to 4th learning trial (range 0-12, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal memory & learning.

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Word Lists subtest, total score over 4 learning trials (range 0-48, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal memory & learning.

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Word Lists subtest, recognition (old-new) score after 4 learning trials (range 0-24, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal memory & learning.

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Word Lists subtest, delayed recall score (range 0-12, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal memory & learning.

Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS-III) / Word Lists subtest, recognition (old-new) score after delay (range 0-24, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal memory & learning.

Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) / Story Recall subtest, immediate recall score (range 0-42, higher score indicates better outcome), measures episodic memory

Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) / Story Recall subtest, recognition (old-new) score after immediate recall (range 0-12, higher score indicates better outcome), measures episodic memory.

Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) / Story Recall subtest, delayed recall score (range 0-42, higher score indicates better outcome), measures episodic memory.

Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) / Story Recall subtest, recognition (old-new) score after delay (range 0-12, higher score indicates better outcome), measures episodic memory.

Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT) / Star Cancellation subtest, number of correctly marked items on the left side (range 0-27, higher score indicates better outcome), measures spatial attention (unilateral spatial neglect)

Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT) / Star Cancellation subtest, number of correctly marked items on the right side (range 0-27, higher score indicates better outcome), measures spatial attention (unilateral spatial neglect)

Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT) / Star Cancellation subtest, ratio of correctly marked items on the left side to total correctly marked items (range 0-1, lower score indicates better outcome), measures spatial attention (unilateral spatial neglect)

Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT) / Star Cancellation subtest, number of correctly marked items (range 0-54, higher score indicates better outcome), measures spatial attention (unilateral spatial neglect)

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Conversational Question subtest, score (range 0-6, higher score indicates better outcome), measures spontaneous speech production.

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Conversational Question & Picture Description subtests, information content score (range 0-10, higher score indicates better outcome), measures spontaneous speech production

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Conversational Question & Picture Description subtests, fluency of speech score (range 0-10, higher score indicates better outcome), measures spontaneous speech production.

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Spontaneous speech score (sum of information content and fluency of speech scores; range 0-20, higher score indicates better outcome), measures spontaneous speech production.

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Conversational Question & Picture Description subtests, number of correct information units per minute (min: 0, max: no fixed value, higher score indicates better outcome), measures spontaneous speech production.

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Repetition subtest, score (range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures responsive speech production.

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Object Naming subtest, score (range: 0-60, higher score indicates better outcome), measures responsive speech production.

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Word Fluency subtest, score (range: 0-20, higher score indicates better outcome), measures responsive speech production.

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Sentence Completion subtest, score (range: 0-10, higher score indicates better outcome), measures responsive speech production.

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Responsive Speech subtest, score (range: 0-10, higher score indicates better outcome), measures responsive speech production.

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Naming and Word Finding score (sum of Object Naming, Word Fluency, Sentence Completion, Responsive Speech subtest scores; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures responsive speech production.

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) / Sequential Commands subtest, score (range: 0-80, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal comprehension.

Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) / Verbal Agility subtest, score (range: 0-14, higher score indicates better outcome), measures motor production of speech

Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) / Automatized Sequences subtest, score (range: 0-8, higher score indicates better outcome), measures non-propositional speech.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) / Grasp subscale score of the paretic hand (range: 0-18, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) / Grasp subscale score of the non-paretic hand (range: 0-18, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) / Grip subscale score of the paretic hand (range: 0-12, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) / Grip subscale score of the non-paretic hand (range: 0-12, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) / Pinch subscale score of the paretic hand (range: 0-18, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) / Pinch subscale score of the non-paretic hand (range: 0-18, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) / Gross Movement subscale score of the paretic hand (range: 0-9, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) / Gross Movement subscale score of the non-paretic hand (range: 0-9, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) total score of the paretic hand (range: 0-57, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) total score of the non-paretic hand (range: 0-57, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) total score (both paretic & non-paretic hands; range: 0-114, higher score indicates better outcome), measures upper-extremity motor function.

Box and Block Test (BBT) total score for the paretic hand (range: 0-150, higher score indicates better outcome), measures gross manual dexterity.

Box and Block Test (BBT) total score for the non-paretic hand (range: 0-150, higher score indicates better outcome), measures gross manual dexterity.

Box and Block Test (BBT) total score for both hands (range: 0-300, higher score indicates better outcome), measures gross manual dexterity.

Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) score of the paretic hand (range: 0-25, higher score indicates better outcome), measures fine manual dexterity.

Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) score of the non-paretic hand (range: 0-25, higher score indicates better outcome), measures fine manual dexterity.

Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) score of both hands (range: 0-25, higher score indicates better outcome), measures fine manual dexterity.

Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) total score (range: 0-75, higher score indicates better outcome), measures fine manual dexterity.

Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) Assembly score (range: 0-80, higher score indicates better outcome), measures fine manual dexterity.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) / Depression subscale total score (patient self-report; range: 5-40, lower score indicates better outcome), measures depression.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) / Anxiety subscale total score (patient self-report; range: 5-40, lower score indicates better outcome), measures anxiety.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Strength subscale score (patient self-report; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures strength of the paretic upper-extremity.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Hand Function subscale score (patient self-report; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures hand function of the paretic upper-extremity.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / ADL subscale score (patient self-report; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures ability to perform activities of daily living.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Mobility subscale score (patient self-report; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures mobility in daily life.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Communication subscale score (patient self-report; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures communication ability in daily life.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Emotion subscale score (patient self-report; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures mood.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Memory and Thinking subscale score (patient self-report; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures cognitive functioning in daily life.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Participation subscale score (patient self-report; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures social interaction and involvement in life situations.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Recovery item score (patient self-report using visual analogue scale, range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures patient's perception of their overall recovery from stroke.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) total score (patient self-report; range: 0-900, higher score indicates better outcome), measures overall quality of life after stroke.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Strength subscale score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures strength of the paretic upper-extremity.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Hand Function subscale score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures hand function of the paretic upper-extremity.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / ADL subscale score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures ability to perform activities of daily living.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Mobility subscale score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures mobility in daily life.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Communication subscale score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures communication ability in daily life.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Emotion subscale score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures mood.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Memory and Thinking subscale score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures cognitive functioning in daily life.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Participation subscale score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures social interaction and involvement in life situations.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) / Recovery item score (proxy report of family member using visual analogue scale, range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures family member's perception of patient's overall recovery from stroke.

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) total score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-900, higher score indicates better outcome), measures overall quality of life after stroke.

Motor Activity Log (MAL) total score (patient self-report; range: 0-70, higher score indicates better outcome), measures severity of upper-extremity paresis.

Motor Activity Log (MAL) total score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-70, higher score indicates better outcome), measures severity of upper-extremity paresis.

Communicative Activity Log (CAL) / Quantity of Communication score (patient self-report; range: 0-90, higher score indicates better outcome), measures quantity of communication in daily life.

Communicative Activity Log (CAL) / Quality of Communication scale score (patient self-report; range: 0-90, higher score indicates better outcome), measures quality of communication in daily life.

Communicative Activity Log (CAL) total score (patient self-report; range: 0-180, higher score indicates better outcome), measures communication ability in daily life.

Communicative Activity Log (CAL) / Quantity of Communication score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-90, higher score indicates better outcome), measures quantity of communication in daily life.

Communicative Activity Log (CAL) / Quality of Communication scale score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-90, higher score indicates better outcome), measures quality of communication in daily life.

Communicative Activity Log (CAL) total score (proxy report of family member; range: 0-180, higher score indicates better outcome), measures communication ability in daily life.

Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) total score (patient self-report; range: 0-100, lower score indicates better outcome), measures severity of attention and executive deficits in daily life.

Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) total score (patient self-report; range: 5-80, higher score indicates better outcome), measures memory functioning in daily life.

Spoken repetition of phrases used in the melodic intonation therapy (MIT) part of the music intervention (range: 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal production of trained material.

Percentage of correctly produced words & syllables in a singing task used in the music intervention (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures verbal production of trained singing material.

Error scores (pitch, rhythm & melodic) in a singing task used in the music intervention (based on acoustic analysis of recorded sung production, lower score indicates better outcome), measures musical production of trained singing material.

Percentage of notes played correctly with paretic hand in an instrument (xylophone) playing task used in the music intervention (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures melodic production of trained playing material.

Percentage of notes played correctly with non-paretic hand in an instrument (xylophone) playing task used in the music intervention (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures melodic production of trained playing material.

Average timing deviation (in ms) of notes played with paretic hand in an instrument (xylophone) playing task used in the music intervention compared to the actual rhythm of the song (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures rhythmic production of trained playing material.

Average timing deviation (in ms) of notes played with non-paretic hand in an instrument (xylophone) playing task used in the music intervention compared to the actual rhythm of the song (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures rhythmic production of trained playing material.

Kinematic movement quality (velocity, time, range, and smoothness of movements; based on optical motion capture analysis) of playing performance with paretic hand in an instrument (xylophone) playing task used in the music intervention, measures motor production of trained playing material.

Kinematic movement quality (velocity, time, range, and smoothness of movements; based on optical motion capture analysis) of playing performance with non-paretic hand in an instrument (xylophone) playing task used in the music intervention, measures motor production of trained playing material.

Percentage of movements produced correctly with paretic hand in a gross motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures accuracy of trained rhythmic movements.

Percentage of movements produced correctly with non-paretic hand in a gross motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures accuracy of trained rhythmic movements.

Average timing deviation (in ms) of movements produced with paretic hand in a gross motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention compared to the actual rhythm of the song (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures timing of trained rhythmic movements.

Average timing deviation (in ms) of movements produced with non-paretic hand in a gross motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention compared to the actual rhythm of the song (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures timing of trained rhythmic movements.

Kinematic movement quality (velocity, time, range, and smoothness of movements; based on optical motion capture analysis) of movements produced with paretic hand in a gross motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention, measures motor production of trained rhythmic movements.

Kinematic movement quality (velocity, time, range, and smoothness of movements; based on optical motion capture analysis) of movements produced with non-paretic hand in a gross motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention, measures motor production of trained rhythmic movements.

Percentage of movements produced correctly with paretic hand in a fine motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures accuracy of trained rhythmic movements.

Percentage of movements produced correctly with non-paretic hand in a fine motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention (score/maximum value*100; range 0-100, higher score indicates better outcome), measures accuracy of trained rhythmic movements.

Average timing deviation (in ms) of movements produced with non-paretic hand in a fine motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention compared to the actual rhythm of the song (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures timing of trained rhythmic movements.

Average timing deviation (in ms) of movements produced with non-paretic hand in a fine motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention compared to the actual rhythm of the song (scores do not have a fixed range, lower score indicates better outcome), measures timing of trained rhythmic movements.

Kinematic movement quality (velocity, time, range, and smoothness of movements; based on optical motion capture analysis) of movements produced with paretic hand in a fine motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention, measures motor production of trained rhythmic movements.

Kinematic movement quality (velocity, time, range, and smoothness of movements; based on optical motion capture analysis) of movements produced with non-paretic hand in a fine motor rhythmic task used in the music intervention, measures motor production of trained rhythmic movements.

Regional grey matter volume from voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses of structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) images.

Connectivity of white matter pathways from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analyses of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) images.

Connectivity within and between functional brain networks in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements

Connectivity within and between functional brain networks during listening of novel and well-known songs in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements

Pattern of regional brain activation during listening of novel and well-known songs in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements.